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  1. Some medications have earned legendary status for their life-saving power and global reach. Penicillin, discovered in 1928, launched the antibiotic era and has saved over 200 million lives. Insulin, introduced in 1922, turned diabetes from a death sentence into a manageable condition. Aspirin, one of the most widely used drugs worldwide, eases pain, curbs inflammation, and even helps prevent heart attacks. Morphine remains a cornerstone of serious pain management, while vaccines for smallpox and polio—though not technically medications—have eradicated or nearly eliminated once-devastating diseases.
  2. In the U.S., hydrocodone leads the prescription race with 131.2 million annual scripts for pain relief, followed by simvastatin (94.1 million) for high cholesterol and lisinopril (87.4 million) for blood pressure and heart failure. Levothyroxine supports 70.5 million Americans with thyroid issues, amlodipine (57.2 million) tackles hypertension and angina, and omeprazole (53.4 million) soothes digestive woes. Amoxicillin remains a go-to antibiotic with 52.3 million prescriptions, and metformin helps manage type 2 diabetes for 48.3 million patients annually. From ancient remedies to modern marvels, these drugs have reshaped healthcare and touched billions of lives.
  3. From the first jab to the latest genetic leap, the history of medicine is a thrilling timeline of breakthroughs that reshaped humanity. It all began in 1796 when Edward Jenner’s smallpox vaccine sparked the age of immunization, followed by the 1846 discovery of anesthesia, which turned surgery from a brutal ordeal into a bearable procedure. In 1921, insulin gave diabetics a lifeline, and just seven years later, Alexander Fleming’s accidental encounter with penicillin revolutionized infection control. The 1950s brought the polio vaccine and the first organ transplant, while the 1960s introduced the oral contraceptive pill, empowering reproductive choice. Fast forward to 2003, the Human Genome Project cracked the code of life, paving the way for personalized medicine. And in 2020, the lightning-fast development of COVID-19 vaccines showcased the power of mRNA technology and global collaboration. Each milestone didn’t just save lives—it redefined what medicine could do, turning science fiction into everyday reality.
  4. Timeline of major medication breakthroughs - These milestones didn’t just save lives—they reshaped how we think about disease, prevention, and treatment.
    • 1796 – Smallpox Vaccine: Edward Jenner’s cowpox-based inoculation laid the foundation for modern immunology.
    • 1846 – Anesthesia: William Morton’s public demonstration of ether revolutionized surgery by making it pain-free.
    • 1921 – Insulin: Frederick Banting and Charles Best discovered insulin, turning diabetes from a fatal disease into a manageable condition.
    • 1928 – Penicillin: Alexander Fleming’s accidental discovery of penicillin ushered in the antibiotic era, saving millions from bacterial infections.
    • 1955/1961 – Polio Vaccines: Jonas Salk and Albert Sabin developed injectable and oral vaccines that nearly eradicated polio worldwide.
    • 1960 – Oral Contraceptive Pill: Approved in the U.S., it gave women unprecedented control over reproductive health.
    • 1980s – Hepatitis B Vaccine: A major step in preventing liver disease and cancer.
    • 1990s – Antiretroviral Therapy (ART): Transformed HIV/AIDS from a deadly diagnosis to a manageable chronic condition.
    • 2003 – Human Genome Project Completion: Enabled personalized medicine and targeted therapies.
    • 2020 – COVID-19 Vaccines: Developed and distributed globally within a year, showcasing the power of mRNA technology and global collaboration.
  5. Over-the-counter (OTC) medications are the unsung heroes of home healthcare—ready to tackle everything from sniffles to stomachaches without a prescription, some of the most commonly used ones:
    • Pain & Fever Relief
      • Acetaminophen (Tylenol): For pain and fever
      • Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin): A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)
      • Naproxen (Aleve): Longer-lasting NSAID
      • Aspirin: Also used for heart health in low doses
    • Allergy Relief
      • Loratadine (Claritin), Cetirizine (Zyrtec), Fexofenadine (Allegra): Non-drowsy antihistamines
      • Diphenhydramine (Benadryl): Older antihistamine, more sedating
      • Fluticasone (Flonase), Triamcinolone (Nasacort): Nasal corticosteroids
    • Cold & Cough Remedies
      • Dextromethorphan: Cough suppressant
      • Guaifenesin: Expectorant to loosen mucus
      • Pseudoephedrine (Sudafed), Phenylephrine: Decongestants
    • Digestive Aids
      • Loperamide (Imodium): Anti-diarrheal
      • Bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol): Upset stomach and diarrhea
      • Calcium carbonate (Tums), Famotidine (Pepcid), Omeprazole (Prilosec): For heartburn and acid reflux
    • Sleep Aids
      • Diphenhydramine and Doxylamine: Found in many nighttime formulas
    • Topical Treatments
      • Hydrocortisone cream: For itching and inflammation
      • Bacitracin or Neosporin: Antibiotic ointments
      • Antifungals like clotrimazole or miconazole: For athlete’s foot or yeast infections
  6. The generic name for Tylenol is acetaminophen, which is one of the most widely used pain relievers out there—often the first line of defense for everything from headaches to fevers. It's also known as paracetamol in many countries outside the U.S.
  7. Benlysta is the only treatment on the market specifically for Lupus, a disease in which the body's immune system attacks healthy issue, including skin, joints, kidneys or the brain. This prescription medicine is expensive; the patient needs to have at least 2 doses a month, each costs $3,330 per dose.
  8. The generic high blood pressure (hypertension) drug Lisinopril was prescribed and refilled around 37 million times by more than 7 million American Medicare patients at a cost of $307 million in 2013. Total U.S. prescriptions for Lisinopril reached nearly 98 million or 2.94 billion pills by 2020 at the cost of up to $600 million, and that number has likely continued to grow given the aging population and rising rates of hypertension.
  9. Certain antidepressants—especially SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors)—have been linked to an increased risk of bleeding, including rare cases of intracranial hemorrhage, the absolute risk remains very low for most people. The risk increases significantly when SSRIs are combined with NSAIDs, antiplatelet drugs, or anticoagulants.
  10. An incredibly rare isotope called Actinium-225 could revolutionize the way we treat cancer. Preliminary trials have obliterated cancer in patients given only weeks to live. There's only one problem is that it's almost impossible to obtain. Actinium-225 (Ac-225) is a radioactive isotope being studied for its potential in targeted alpha therapy (TAT), a form of radiotherapy that delivers powerful, localized radiation directly to cancer cells while sparing healthy tissue. Early trials, especially in prostate cancer and leukemia, have shown remarkable results, including cases where tumors shrank dramatically in patients with very limited options2. Ac-225 is extremely scarce. It’s produced in only a few facilities worldwide, and the process is complex and expensive. Until recently, most of the supply came from decaying thorium stockpiles or small-scale reactors.
  11. As of 2025, Keytruda has topped the list of best selling drugs in the world; a cancer immunotherapy developed by Merck, Keytrudas is used to treat a wide range of cancers, including melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer, and head and neck cancers. Keytruda works by helping the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells, and its success has been driven by its expanding list of approved uses—over 40 indications globally. Its projected global revenue for 2025 is a staggering $31 billion, making it the leader in pharmaceutical sales.
  12. Xanax (alprazolam) is primarily prescribed to treat anxiety disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and panic disorder, and manage anxiety associated with depression. Xanax belongs to a class of medications called benzodiazepines, which work by enhancing the effects of a calming neurotransmitter in the brain called GABA. This helps reduce feelings of nervousness, tension, and panic. Xanax is also used to treat panic disorders with or without a fear of places and situations that might cause panic, helplessness, or embarrassment.
  13. While the most expensive medications often have no direct substitutes, there are ways to reduce costs and find more affordable alternatives.
    • Generic Medications – Many brand-name drugs have generic versions that are significantly cheaper while maintaining the same effectiveness.
    • Patient Assistance Programs – Some pharmaceutical companies offer financial aid or free medications to eligible patients.
    • Pharmacy Coupons & Discount Cards – Services like GoodRx and NeedyMeds provide discounts on prescription drugs.
    • Insurance Formulary Options – Checking your insurance plan’s drug formulary can help identify lower-cost alternatives.
    • Prescription Pricing Tools – Some healthcare providers use tools like SwiftRx Direct to find cost-effective medications.
  14. The Most-Favored-Nation (MFN) pricing policy aims to lower drug costs in the U.S. by ensuring that Americans pay no more than patients in other developed countries. This could have a significant impact on insulin prices, which have been notoriously high in the U.S. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that plays a crucial role in regulating blood sugar levels. It acts like a key, allowing glucose to enter cells for energy, and it also helps the body store excess glucose for later use. In diabetes, the body either doesn't produce enough insulin or can't effectively use the insulin it does produce, leading to high blood sugar levels. While this policy could lead to major price cuts, some experts warn that implementation challenges and legal battles could delay its effects. Under the policy some key aspects include:
    • Direct-to-Consumer Purchasing – The government is pushing for manufacturers to sell insulin at the lowest international price.
    • Price Matching – If insulin is sold for less in another country, manufacturers may be required to offer the same price in the U.S.
    • Government Enforcement – If companies fail to comply, the administration has pledged to take aggressive action to ensure price reductions.
  15. Recent policies in the U.S. are aiming to lower drug prices, particularly through the Most-Favored-Nation (MFN) pricing model introduced by Trump's administration. This policy seeks to align U.S. drug prices with the lowest prices paid by economically comparable countries. The administration argues that Americans have been overpaying for medications while other nations benefit from lower costs. While the policy aims to reduce costs, experts warn that implementation challenges and legal battles could delay its effects. Some pharmaceutical companies and trade groups have opposed the measure, arguing it could disrupt innovation and access to new treatments. Some key aspects of the policy include:
    • Price Matching – Drug manufacturers must offer U.S. consumers the lowest price available in other developed countries.
    • Government Action – If companies fail to comply, the administration has pledged to take aggressive measures to enforce price reductions.
    • Impact on Biosimilars – The policy may encourage competition from biosimilars, which are lower-cost alternatives to brand-name biologic drugs.
  16. Medicines in the U.S. are often more expensive than in other countries due to several key factors.
    • No Single-Payer Negotiation – Unlike many countries where the government negotiates drug prices, the U.S. relies on private insurers, which weakens bargaining power.
    • Lack of Government Price Regulation – Many nations have price caps on medications, but in the U.S., pharmaceutical companies set their own prices.
    • Patent System & Limited Competition – Drug makers use patents to prevent generic alternatives from entering the market, keeping prices high.
    • Complex Reimbursement System – The U.S. healthcare system is fragmented, with multiple insurers and intermediaries, making pricing less transparent.
    • High Research & Development Costs – Pharmaceutical companies argue that high prices help fund innovation and new drug development.
  17. Cancer treatments are often expensive due to research, development, and the complexity of personalized therapies. Some of the most expensive cancer medications in the U.S. include:
    • Kimmtrak – A treatment for uveal melanoma, one of the most expensive cancer drugs.
    • Danyelza – Used for neuroblastoma, costing around $1.2 million annually.
    • CAR-T Cell Therapies – Treatments like Yescarta and Kymriah for blood cancers can cost hundreds of thousands per dose.
    • Immunotherapies – Drugs like Keytruda and Opdivo, which are widely used for various cancers, can cost tens of thousands per month.
  18. The most expensive medicines in the US include Lenmeldy, Hemgenix, Elevidys, Zolgensma and Zokinvy, with Lenmeldy being the most expensive drug in America, costing an average one-time cost of $4.25 million. Hemgenix, another high-cost drug, has a wholesale acquisition cost of $3.5 million. These drugs are often used for rare and complex conditions and require special handling and close oversight from specialists. The high prices are attributed to the curative potential, advanced technologies, and relatively small target populations.
    • Lenmeldy – $4.25 million per treatment, used for metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD).
    • Hemgenix – $3.5 million per dose, a gene therapy for hemophilia B.
    • Elevidys – $3.2 million per treatment, used for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD).
    • Zolgensma – $2.1 million for a one-time dose, treats spinal muscular atrophy.
    • Zokinvy – Over $1 million per year, used for a rare genetic disorder.
  19. Zolgensma, Zolgensma, Lenmeldy, Hemgenix, Zokinvy, Myalept, and Mavencladare some of the most expensive prescription medicines in the U.S. These prescriptions are incredibly expensive, often due to their specialized nature and the costs associated with their development and production.
    • Zolgensma: This gene therapy costs around $2.1 million for a one-time treatment; it's used to treat spinal muscular atrophy, a rare childhood disorder.
    • Lenmeldy: Priced at $4.25 million per treatment, Lenmeldy is used for metachromatic leukodystrophy, a rare genetic disease.
    • Hemgenix: This drug costs $3.5 million for a one-time dose and is used to treat hemophilia B, a lifelong bleeding disorder.
    • Zokinvy: An orphan drug for treating a rare genetic condition, Zokinvy costs around $1,073,760 per year.
    • Myalept: Used for treating leptin deficiency, Myalept costs over $60,000 per month.
    • Mavenclad: This medication for multiple sclerosis also costs over $60,000 per month.
  20. Penicillin was among the first medications to be effective against many bacterial infections caused by staphylococci and streptococci. It has been widely used for various bacterial infections.
    • Discovery: Penicillin was discovered by Scottish bacteriologist Alexander Fleming in 1928. While working at St. Mary's Hospital in London, Fleming noticed that a mold called Penicillium notatum had contaminated one of his Petri dishes and killed the surrounding bacteria.
    • Development: Fleming's initial discovery was groundbreaking, but it took several years for penicillin to be developed into a usable drug. In the late 1930s, a team at the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology at Oxford University, led by Howard Florey and Ernst Chain, successfully isolated and purified penicillin.
    • Mass Production: During World War II, the need for effective antibiotics became urgent. The United States and other Allied countries ramped up production of penicillin, which played a crucial role in treating infections in wounded soldiers.
    • Nobel Prize: In 1945, Fleming, Florey, and Chain were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work on penicillin.
    • Post-War Era: After the war, penicillin became widely available and revolutionized the treatment of bacterial infections. Researchers continued to develop new types of penicillin, including semisynthetic variants that are more effective against a broader range of bacteria.
    • Modern Use: Penicillin remains one of the most widely used antibiotics today, although the rise of antibiotic resistance has become a significant challenge.
  21. When it comes to treating severe asthma, there are several medications and treatment options available:
    • Quick-Relief Medications (Rescue Medications) - Taken as needed for rapid relief during an asthma attack.
      • Short-Acting Beta Agonists: Examples include Albuterol and Levalbuterol.
      • Ipratropium (Atrovent HFA): Helps open airways.
      • Oral Corticosteroids: Used for severe asthma attacks.
    • Medications for Allergy-Induced Asthma - Taken regularly or as needed to reduce sensitivity to specific allergens.
      • Allergy Shots (Immunotherapy): Gradually desensitize the immune system to allergens.
      • Under-the-Tongue Immunotherapy Tablets: An alternative to shots.
      • Allergy Medications: Antihistamines, Decongestants, etc.
    • Biologics - Used alongside control medications to target specific biological responses causing lung inflammation.
      • Examples include Benralizumab, Dupilumab, Mepolizumab, Omalizumab, Reslizumab, and Tezepelumab-ekko
    • Long-Term Control Medications - These are taken regularly to manage chronic symptoms and prevent asthma attacks. They are crucial for most people with asthma.
      • Inhaled Corticosteroids: These anti-inflammatory drugs are highly effective and commonly used. They reduce airway swelling and tightening. Examples include Fluticasone, Budesonide, Mometasone, Beclomethasone, and Ciclesonide.
      • Leukotriene Modifiers: These help control inflammation and include medications like montelukast and zafirlukast.
      • Long-Acting Beta Agonists (LABAs): These help dilate airways and are often combined with inhaled corticosteroids.
      • Long-Acting Muscarinic Antagonists (LAMAs): These also help relax airway muscles and improve airflow.
      • Combination Inhalers: These contain both corticosteroids and LABAs.
  22. Decongestant found in cold, allergy medicines doesn’t actually work; many popular over-the-counter drugs that use phenylephrine to treat cough, sinus and flu symptoms, will be removed from U.S. store shelves.
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  23. A study has found that Tylenol or generic acetaminophen, when taken at high doses or for extended periods by pregnant women, can put their child at a higher risk of developing attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or autism spectrum disorder. Children whose cord blood samples contained the highest levels of acetaminophen were roughly three times more likely to be diagnosed with autism later in childhood.
  24. Antibiotics don't work for viruses like colds and the flu.
  25. The most common cholesterol lowering drugs are called statins, which help to lower cholesterol and maintain the integrity of arteries.
  26. Some drugs work together, complementing or backing up each other. Others compete or get in each other's way. Aspirin and Plavix (generic name: clopidogrel) make a good tag team, combining to prevent heart attacks and strokes. Stomach pain is not a common side effect of Plavix or aspirin, which are used to prevent heart attacks and strokes in persons with heart disease (recent heart attack), recent stroke, or blood circulation disease (peripheral vascular disease). However, stomach pain with bleeding are a possible side effect of Plavix and/or aspirin. Patients who have stomach pain or cramping while taking these drugs, there's a small chance they could have bleeding in your stomach. The H-2 Blocker family, which include Johnson & Johnson's Mylanta and Boehringer Ingelheim's Zantac can reduce acid while taking Plavix and/or aspirin.
  27. Taking aspirin or anti-clotting medicines like Plavix won't boost the risk of another stroke if you have already survived a bleeding stroke, and they might even help guard against a second brain bleed. Aspirin therapy reduces the clumping action of platelets — possibly preventing a heart attack or a stroke. However, aspirin therapy should not be for the prevention of heart attacks in people who haven't already had a heart attack, stroke or another cardiovascular condition.
  28. Small doses of aspirin can lower the risk of heart attack, but it doesn't appear to cut the chances of dying from the disease.
  29. Aspirin is best known as a painkiller and is sometimes also taken to help bring down a fever. But daily low-dose (81mg) aspirin is used to make the blood less sticky and can help to prevent heart attacks and stroke. Aspirin given shortly after a heart attack decreases the risk of death. Aspirin is often used long-term to help prevent further heart attacks, ischaemic strokes, and blood clots in people at high risk. It may also decrease the risk of certain types of cancer, particularly colorectal cancer.
  30. Most strokes are caused by clots in the blood vessels of the brain but some are caused by bleeds. Because aspirin thins the blood, it can sometimes make the patient bleed more easily. Aspirin isn't safe for everyone. It can also cause indigestion and, more rarely, lead to stomach ulcers. Anybody who has been taking low-dose aspirin for a long time is advised not to stop overnight as that may also cause problems. Elderly people in good health should not take an aspirin a day; a recent trial found no benefit for healthy people over the age of 70, and the pills increased the risk of potentially fatal internal bleeding, and did not reduce their risk of heart problems or have any other benefits.
  31. Aspirin, often hailed as a "miracle drug," is an effective pain relief, fever reduction, and inflammation and has been linked to reduced risk of a number of health conditions, including heart attack, stroke and cancer. Its active ingredient, acetylsalicylic acid, is a synthetic derivative of salicylic acid, which has been used for its medicinal properties for thousands of years. However, it can cause side effects like gastrointestinal bleeding and stomach ulcers, especially with long-term use.
    • Pain Relief: Aspirin is commonly used to alleviate headaches, muscle pain, toothaches, and other minor aches and pains.
    • Anti-inflammatory: It helps reduce inflammation, making it useful for conditions like arthritis.
    • Fever Reduction: Aspirin can help lower fever, providing relief during illnesses like the flu.
    • Heart Health: Low-dose aspirin is often recommended for people at high risk of heart attacks or strokes, as it can help prevent blood clots.
    • Cancer Prevention: Some studies suggest that aspirin may reduce the risk of certain types of cancer, although more research is needed.
  32. Aspirin can help prevent heart attacks in people with diabetes, especially because they’re at higher risk for cardiovascular events like heart attacks and strokes due to factors like high blood sugar, high blood pressure, and cholesterol issues. A low daily dose (typically 81 mg) reduces the risk of these events by preventing blood clots, but it also raises the chance of bleeding—particularly in the stomach or brain. That’s why it’s strongly recommended for people with diabetes who already have established cardiovascular disease (secondary prevention), but for those without a history of heart disease (primary prevention), doctors consider each person’s cardiovascular and bleeding risk before prescribing it.
  33. Aspirin is recommended for some people with diabetes because they have a significantly higher risk of cardiovascular disease due to factors like chronic inflammation, high blood sugar, and increased clotting tendencies, and aspirin—being an antiplatelet agent—helps by thinning the blood and reducing the chance of blood clots that can lead to heart attacks or strokes. It’s commonly used for secondary prevention in those who have already experienced a cardiovascular event, and may also be considered for primary prevention in individuals over 50 with additional risk factors like high blood pressure or high cholesterol, as long as their risk of bleeding is low.
  34. For people with diabetes, aspirin can offer significant benefits—like reducing the risk of heart attacks and strokes by preventing blood clots, especially in those who’ve already had a cardiovascular event (secondary prevention) or who are over 50 with additional risk factors such as high blood pressure or high cholesterol. However, it also carries notable risks, primarily the increased chance of serious bleeding in the stomach or brain, which is why it’s not recommended for everyone. The benefit-risk balance is particularly narrow, with studies showing aspirin may prevent about one cardiovascular event per 100 people over seven years but also cause a major bleeding episode in roughly the same number. As a result, aspirin use in diabetes should be tailored to the individual, based on their personal risk profile and under the guidance of a healthcare provider.
  35. Studies show that regular use of aspirin or other NSAIDs may reduce colorectal cancer risk by 20–30%, especially in individuals with higher baseline risk2. However, these medications can have side effects (like gastrointestinal bleeding), so they should only be used preventively under medical guidance.
  36. People suffered from mild hypertension, which is a blood pressure reading of no higher than 160/100 mm Hg, took a 81-milligram tablet of aspirin in the evening had a significant reduction in their blood pressure. Those who took the aspirin in the morning had no reduction at all.
  37. Taking aspirin after a cancer diagnosis has been linked to a roughly 20% improvement in survival, according to a large 2021 meta-analysis of 118 observational studies involving more than 250,000 patients with cancers such as colon, breast, and prostate. This survival benefit is thought to stem from aspirin’s anti-inflammatory and anti-platelet effects, which may inhibit tumor growth and spread. However, since the data primarily comes from observational studies rather than randomized controlled trials, causation hasn’t been definitively established. Moreover, more recent clinical trials, such as ASPREE and ASAC, have produced mixed results—particularly in older adults and those with advanced cancer—highlighting that aspirin’s potential benefits must be carefully weighed against risks like gastrointestinal bleeding, and its use should be guided by medical professionals.
  38. Daily aspirin use has been linked to a lower risk of certain cancers, particularly colorectal cancer, with the most pronounced benefits seen in individuals at higher risk, such as those with Lynch syndrome—a genetic condition that increases cancer susceptibility. Research shows that taking aspirin in high doses for at least two years can significantly reduce colorectal cancer incidence in these high-risk populations, and even low-dose aspirin (75–100 mg) has demonstrated strong protective effects with fewer side effects. However, aspirin use isn't universally beneficial; it carries potential risks like gastrointestinal bleeding and may even increase cancer-related mortality in older adults, as highlighted in studies like the ASPREE trial. Therefore, while aspirin may offer important preventive benefits, especially for those with elevated risk, its use for cancer prevention should be guided by individualized medical advice.
  39. For individuals with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), taking a baby aspirin or a cholesterol-lowering statin may offer meaningful health benefits when used under medical supervision. Low-dose aspirin (81 mg) can provide cardiovascular protection—especially important since RA patients have an elevated risk of heart disease—though long-term use carries risks like gastrointestinal bleeding. Statins, typically prescribed for lowering cholesterol, also possess anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating properties that may help reduce RA progression and cardiovascular complications, with some studies suggesting a reduced RA incidence among users. However, any potential benefit must be balanced with possible side effects, and treatment decisions should always be made in consultation with a healthcare provider.
  40. In addition to reducing the risk of heart attacks and strokes, aspirin has been found to lower the risk of colorectal cancer—the second most common cancer in developed countries after lung cancer—particularly when used consistently over several years. Its protective effects are especially pronounced in individuals with cardiovascular conditions like heart disease or high blood pressure, as well as those who have already experienced a heart attack or stroke. By inhibiting platelet aggregation, aspirin helps prevent blood clots and may also impede cancer-related inflammation and tumor growth. However, its use should be guided by a healthcare provider due to the risk of side effects such as gastrointestinal bleeding.
  41. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has seen almost 270 million confirmed cases and over 5.2 million reported deaths worldwide as of December 2021. In November 2021, Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommended authorization of the molnupiravir pill made by Merck. When the drug enters the bloodstream, it blocks the ability of the SARS-CoV-2 virus to replicate. This new pill is similar—in function to Tamiflu, the antiviral medication that is used to prevent serious symptoms of flu. Many patients with COVID-19 recover from their acute infection with no or minimal medical intervention. However, early treatment with molnupiravir reduced the risk of hospitalization or death in at-risk, unvaccinated adults with COVID-19.
  42. Anticholinergic medications, which include those used for conditions, such as allergies (e.g.; Benadryl), overactive bladder (e.g.; Ditropan), depression (e.g.; doxepin) and insomnia (e.g.; Sominex) may be associated with an increased risk of pneumonia, especially in older adults. Research indicates that these drugs may raise the risk by up to 59%, with the danger being particularly high during the initial 30 to 90 days of use. The elevated risk is likely due to side effects such as sedation and impaired cognitive function, which can lead to swallowing difficulties or reduced respiratory defenses, thereby making lung infections more likely.
  43. The heartburn drug Nexium cost $2,526,306,069 for 1,484,011 American Medicare patients, who filled 8,192,362 prescriptions and refills in 2013. However, by 2023 and 2024, the financial landscape had shifted dramatically due to the widespread availability of generic esomeprazole and the transition of Nexium 24HR to over-the-counter status, which is generally not covered by Medicare Part D. As a result, total Medicare spending on Nexium has dropped significantly, with the cost per generic esomeprazole prescription often ranging from $0 to $13, depending on individual plan coverage and stage, reflecting broader trends in cost reduction for once-costly brand-name drugs.
  44. A large randomized controlled trial known as the Physicians' Health Study II found that taking a daily multivitamin modestly reduced the overall risk of cancer in healthy middle-aged and older men. The study followed nearly 15,000 male physicians aged 50 and older for over a decade and reported an 8% reduction in total cancer incidence among those who took a daily multivitamin compared to those who took a placebo. While the effect was modest and did not significantly impact prostate or colorectal cancer rates, it suggests that long-term multivitamin use may offer a small protective benefit against cancer in this population.
  45. Regular use of vitamin E supplements has been linked to an increased risk of developing prostate cancer, particularly in findings from the large-scale SELECT trial, which showed that men taking 400 IU of vitamin E daily faced a 17% higher risk compared to those on a placebo. The elevated risk was especially notable in individuals with low selenium levels at the start of the study. Although earlier research hinted at possible protective effects, later evidence reversed that belief, indicating that high-dose vitamin E supplementation may actually do more harm than good in this context. Consequently, experts advise against using vitamin E supplements for prostate cancer prevention, emphasizing that such supplements should only be used under medical supervision when clearly indicated.
  46. Fish oil supplements, which are rich in omega-3 fatty acids like EPA and DHA, may help prevent some young people showing early signs of mental illness from developing schizophrenia, a severe psychiatric disorder that typically begins in adolescence or early adulthood and affects about 2.4 million Americans. A study published in Nature Communications found that high-risk individuals aged 13 to 25 who took fish oil daily for 12 weeks had a significantly lower chance of progressing to full-blown psychosis compared to those given a placebo. Researchers believe omega-3s may support brain health by reducing inflammation and enhancing neural function, offering a potentially safe and accessible early intervention, especially when compared to antipsychotic medications, which often carry serious side effects. While further studies are needed to confirm the protective effects and establish ideal dosing, this research offers hope for delaying or preventing schizophrenia in vulnerable youth.
  47. Several large studies, including the Iowa Women’s Health Study and more recent NIH-supported research, have shown that commonly used dietary supplements—such as multivitamins, vitamin B6, folic acid, iron, magnesium, zinc, and copper—do not extend the lifespan of older women and may even be associated with a higher risk of death. Iron supplements, in particular, showed the strongest link to increased mortality, while calcium was the only supplement tied to a reduced risk. These findings suggest that for well-nourished older adults, routine supplement use offers no longevity benefits and may carry health risks, emphasizing the importance of individualized guidance from healthcare providers when considering supplement use.
  48. Studies on medication use in older adults suggest that up to 47% of prescriptions provided by doctors could potentially be discontinued without negatively impacting patients’ health, highlighting the widespread issue of polypharmacy. Many of these medications may be redundant, inappropriate, or even harmful due to age-related changes in metabolism and increased sensitivity to drug interactions. This has fueled the growing practice of deprescribing, where healthcare providers systematically review and reduce unnecessary medications to minimize side effects, improve quality of life, and lower the risk of complications such as falls, confusion, and hospitalizations.
  49. Taking the highest approved dose of simvastatin (80 mg) to lower cholesterol has been associated with a significantly increased risk of serious muscle damage, particularly a rare but life-threatening condition called rhabdomyolysis, which can lead to kidney failure or even death. Because of this danger, the FDA advises that this dose should only be continued in patients who have already been using it for at least 12 months without any signs of muscle injury. It is not recommended to start new patients on the 80 mg dose. Caution is especially important when simvastatin is taken alongside other medications that may increase the risk of muscle toxicity. In many cases, lower doses or alternative statins provide a safer approach to managing high cholesterol.
  50. According to the World Health Organization, over half of all medicines worldwide are prescribed, dispensed, or sold inappropriately, and about 50% of patients do not take their medications correctly. This widespread issue—known as irrational medicine use—can lead to serious consequences, including increased drug resistance, avoidable side effects, wasted healthcare resources, and poor health outcomes. Common examples include overprescribing antibiotics for viral infections, using injections when oral medications would suffice, and failing to follow clinical guidelines. Addressing this challenge requires coordinated efforts in education, regulation, and patient engagement to promote safer, more effective use of medicines.
  51. Some studies have suggested that taking calcium supplements may increase the risk of heart attacks, with some findings indicating an 86% higher risk among regular supplement users compared to non-users—particularly in postmenopausal women taking high doses of supplemental calcium (around 1,000 mg/day). The suspected mechanism involves sudden spikes in blood calcium levels that could contribute to arterial plaque buildup. However, research on this topic remains mixed; while certain studies raise concerns, others have found no clear link, and some even suggest a protective cardiovascular effect when calcium is taken alongside vitamin D. Experts generally agree that calcium from food sources is safer, and decisions about supplementation should be based on individual health needs in consultation with a healthcare provider.
  52. Some studies have suggested that Calcium supplements (especially without vitamin D) may slightly increase the risk of heart disease or heart attack, particularly in postmenopausal women. The theory is that large doses of supplemental calcium might cause spikes in blood calcium levels, potentially leading to arterial calcification over time. However, the evidence is mixed. Some meta-analyses have found a modest increase in cardiovascular risk with supplements. Others found no significant link, especially when calcium is taken with vitamin D, which may help regulate calcium metabolism more safely. Dietary calcium from food sources like dairy or leafy greens does not appear to carry the same risk.
  53. Some studies have suggested a possible link between high levels of Omega-3 fatty acids—particularly the long-chain types found in fish oil, such as EPA and DHA—and an increased risk of prostate cancer. A notable example is a study from the SELECT trial, which found that men with the highest blood levels of omega-3s had a 43% higher risk of developing prostate cancer compared to those with the lowest levels. However, the evidence is mixed: other large studies have found no such association, and populations with high fish consumption, like Japanese men, tend to have lower prostate cancer mortality. Researchers caution that while omega-3s have well-established cardiovascular benefits, their role in prostate cancer risk remains unclear and may depend on factors like dosage, source (supplements vs. food), and individual health profiles.
  54. Heart patients taking the popular blood-thinning drug warfarin, which is an anticoagulant, are risking potentially dangerous complications (e.g.; severe bleeding or a blood clot) by combining it with supplements, such as fish oil, coenzyme Q10, glucosamine, chondroitin, and multivitamin. Combining warfarin with certain supplements—including fish oil, coenzyme Q10, glucosamine, chondroitin, and multivitamins—can pose serious risks for heart patients due to potential interactions that affect blood clotting. Fish oil, glucosamine, and chondroitin may enhance warfarin's blood-thinning effect, increasing the risk of bleeding, while coenzyme Q10 and some multivitamins (especially those containing vitamin K) may reduce its effectiveness, raising the risk of blood clots. Because warfarin has a narrow therapeutic window, even small changes in clotting balance can lead to dangerous outcomes. Patients on warfarin should always consult their healthcare provider before starting or stopping any supplement to ensure safe and effective anticoagulation management.
  55. Regular use of the painkiller ibuprofen may help lower the risk of developing Parkinson's disease, according to several studies. One notable investigation from the Harvard School of Public Health found that individuals who took ibuprofen at least twice a week had a 38% lower risk of developing Parkinson’s compared to non-users. This protective effect is thought to stem from ibuprofen's ability to reduce brain inflammation, a factor believed to contribute to the disease. Interestingly, this benefit appears unique to ibuprofen, as other NSAIDs like aspirin did not show similar results. However, while these findings are encouraging, they do not confirm a direct cause-and-effect relationship, and long-term ibuprofen use can lead to side effects such as gastrointestinal bleeding. Therefore, anyone considering ibuprofen for preventive purposes should first consult a healthcare provider.
  56. Blood-thinning medications like aspirin, warfarin (Coumadin), and clopidogrel (Plavix) are widely used to prevent strokes and other clot-related conditions by reducing the blood’s ability to form clots. However, this same mechanism also makes it easier for small blood vessels under the skin to break and leak, leading to increased bruising—even from minor bumps or injuries2. This is a common and expected side effect, especially in older adults or those taking multiple medications. While some bruising is normal, sudden, large, or unexplained bruises should be discussed with a healthcare provider to rule out more serious bleeding issues.
  57. Combining Plavix (clopidogrel), which is used to prevent blood clots after a recent heart attack or stroke, with aspirin, which helps lower the risk of clot formation in the heart and brain, can offer protective benefits in certain high-risk patients but also carries significant risks. Known as dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT), this combination is often prescribed after stent placement, acute coronary syndromes, or minor strokes to reduce the chance of another clot-related event. However, the regimen markedly increases the risk of serious bleeding, including gastrointestinal and brain hemorrhages, and may be harmful for individuals without substantial coronary artery disease. Because of these risks, DAPT should only be used under close medical supervision and for a clearly defined duration tailored to the patient’s specific condition.
  58. Tranexamic acid (TXA) is an affordable and highly effective medication that helps control hemorrhage by preventing the breakdown of blood clots, making it a lifesaving treatment in trauma care. Research, including the pivotal CRASH-2 trial, has shown that when TXA is administered promptly—ideally within the first hour after injury—it can reduce trauma-related mortality by up to one-third. Experts estimate that widespread, early use of TXA could save more than 100,000 lives globally each year, particularly in regions with limited access to advanced trauma care. Innovations like intramuscular delivery are also expanding its use beyond hospital settings, enabling faster treatment by first responders.
  59. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) like Nexium, Prilosec, and Prevacid—commonly used to treat frequent heartburn—have been linked to an increased risk of fractures in the hip, spine, and wrist, particularly when taken at high doses or for a year or more. The FDA has issued safety communications noting that these medications may interfere with calcium absorption by reducing stomach acid, which is essential for breaking down calcium salts into absorbable forms. This can lead to decreased bone mineral density over time, especially in older adults, raising the risk of osteoporosis-related fractures. While the risk appears to be lower with short-term or low-dose use, healthcare providers are encouraged to weigh the benefits and risks carefully and consider the lowest effective dose for the shortest duration necessary.
  60. Roughly 4% of U.S. adults aged 20 and older use prescription sleep aids, yet surprisingly, only about one in six adults with a diagnosed sleep disorder and one in eight adults who report trouble sleeping actually use them. This gap highlights a disconnect between sleep challenges and treatment, possibly due to concerns about side effects, dependency, or a preference for non-pharmacological approaches like cognitive behavioral therapy or lifestyle changes.
  61. Statins, widely prescribed to lower cholesterol, are highly effective in preventing heart attacks and strokes—especially in older adults with high blood pressure or other cardiovascular risk factors. Beyond their heart-protective effects, some research suggests that statins may also slow aspects of biological aging by reducing inflammation and protecting against telomere shortening, a key marker of cellular aging. However, certain statins—particularly at higher doses—have been associated with a modestly increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes, likely due to their impact on insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism. Despite this, experts agree that for most patients at risk of cardiovascular disease, the benefits of statins far outweigh the potential risk of diabetes, making them a cornerstone of preventive therapy.
  62. Statins may raise risk for nuclear sclerotic cataract, and may also raise risk for type 2 diabetes. The statins affected included: Altoprev (lovastatin extended-release), Crestor (rosuvastatin), Lescol (fluvastatin), Lipitor (atorvastatin), Livalo (pitavastatin), Mevacor (lovastatin), Pravachol (pravastatin), and Zocor (simvastatin). Products containing statins in combination with other drugs include: Advicor (lovastatin/niacin extended-release), Simcor (simvastatin/niacin extended-release), and Vytorin (simvastatin/ezetimibe).
  63. Statins, widely used to lower cholesterol, frequently cause muscle pain and joint aches—symptoms that typically manifest as soreness, weakness, or fatigue in large muscle groups such as the thighs, shoulders, or hips. While clinical trials suggest these side effects occur in about 5% of users, real-world data indicates the rate could be as high as 30%, potentially influenced by the nocebo effect, where negative expectations amplify perceived discomfort. The likelihood of experiencing these symptoms may be higher among older adults, women, and those on high doses or certain statin types like simvastatin or atorvastatin. Fortunately, these effects can often be managed by adjusting the dosage, switching statins, or exploring non-statin alternatives under a healthcare provider’s guidance.
  64. Research has shown that patients who took VioxxVioxx (rofecoxib), a COX-2 inhibitor once used to treat arthritis and pain, faced a significantly increased risk of cardiovascular events—including blood clots—even after stopping the drug. A follow-up analysis of clinical trial data found that during the year after discontinuation, patients previously on Vioxx experienced twice as many cardiovascular thromboembolic events and more than double the number of deaths compared to those who had taken a placebo. This lingering risk remains poorly understood, but it underscores the long-term impact certain medications can have on heart health, even after they’re no longer being used.
  65. Medications commonly used to treat high blood pressure and heart disease—such as ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), calcium channel blockers, diuretics, and statins—have been associated with a reduced risk of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Studies suggest these drugs may lower the risk by 12% to 25%, depending on the specific medication and how long it’s used. For instance, research from the National Institute on Aging found that effectively managing hypertension decreased the risk of dementia by 12% and Alzheimer’s by 16%. Similarly, long-term use of cardiovascular medications in Swedish studies showed a significant drop in dementia rates, particularly when multiple drugs were used in combination. Statins, in particular, appear to offer added protection against cognitive decline, especially in patients with heart failure.
  66. Atorvastatin, sold under the brand name Lipitor, has been linked to a modestly increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes, particularly at higher doses or in individuals already predisposed to the condition. Studies suggest that statins like atorvastatin may interfere with insulin sensitivity and elevate blood sugar levels over time, prompting the FDA in 2012 to issue a warning about this potential side effect. Despite this risk, health experts widely agree that the cardiovascular benefits of atorvastatin—especially in people with elevated cholesterol or existing heart disease—generally outweigh the risk of diabetes. Physicians may monitor blood glucose levels during treatment and, when needed, adjust the therapy or explore statins with a lower risk profile.
  67. Aromatase inhibitors, including drugs like anastrozole (Arimidex), letrozole (Femara), and exemestane (Aromasin), are a class of medications commonly used in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer to prevent new or recurring tumors. By blocking the enzyme aromatase, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues, these drugs effectively lower estrogen levels, thereby inhibiting the growth of estrogen-dependent cancers. Clinical trials have shown that aromatase inhibitors are more effective than tamoxifen in reducing the risk of recurrence, and they may also be used preventively in women at high risk for breast cancer. Although effective, they can cause side effects such as joint pain, hot flashes, and bone thinning, which is why doctors often monitor bone density and personalize treatment plans based on the patient’s risk profile.
  68. People take tricycle antidepressants raise a higher risk of cardiovascular disease. Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), such as amitriptyline, nortriptyline, and imipramine, have been associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular complications, particularly in individuals with existing heart conditions. These medications can disrupt cardiac function by causing orthostatic hypotension, arrhythmias, and conduction abnormalities, especially at high doses or in cases of overdose. TCAs may also impair the heart's ability to contract efficiently and have been linked to worsening ischemic heart disease and even sudden cardiac death. As a result, they are generally avoided in patients with coronary artery disease or significant arrhythmias, and newer antidepressants like SSRIs are typically preferred for those with cardiovascular risk due to their safer cardiac profile.
  69. Avandia (rosiglitazone), a once-popular diabetes medication, became highly controversial after studies linked it to an increased risk of serious cardiovascular events—including heart attacks, strokes, heart failure, and deaths—with estimates suggesting it may have contributed to as many as 100,000 such cases in the U.S. since its approval. In 2010, European regulators removed the drug from the market, citing safety concerns, while the U.S. FDA imposed strict restrictions that limited its use to select patients through a special access program. Although those restrictions were lifted in 2013 after a re-evaluation of the data, Avandia's reputation suffered irreparable damage, and it is now rarely prescribed, with most healthcare providers favoring safer alternatives.
  70. Avandia (rosiglitazone), a controversial drug once widely used to treat type 2 diabetes, has been linked to an increased risk of serious health issues, including heart attacks, congestive heart failure, and cardiovascular-related death. Beyond its cardiovascular risks, Avandia has also been associated with a higher incidence of bone fractures—particularly among women over 65—and vision loss due to diabetic macular edema, a condition characterized by swelling in the retina that can lead to blindness. As a result of these significant safety concerns, Avandia’s use has been dramatically restricted and is now generally reserved for patients who cannot adequately manage their diabetes with other, safer medications.
  71. Topamax (topiramate), an anticonvulsant used to treat epilepsy and migraines, has been linked to an increased risk of oral birth defects such as cleft lip and cleft palate when taken during pregnancy, especially in the first trimester—often before a woman knows she's pregnant. The risk is higher when used at higher doses for epilepsy compared to migraine prevention. Due to these findings, the FDA reclassified Topamax as a Pregnancy Category D medication, indicating confirmed evidence of risk to human fetuses. Women of childbearing age who are prescribed Topamax are strongly advised to use reliable contraception and discuss safer alternatives with their healthcare provider if pregnancy is a possibility.
  72. Taking opioid painkillers such as codeine, hydrocodone, and oxycodone shortly before or during early pregnancy has been linked to an increased risk of congenital birth defects, particularly involving the heart, brain, and spine. Research reviewed by the FDA and CDC indicates that opioid exposure during the first trimester may interfere with fetal development, leading to conditions like congenital heart defects, neural tube defects, and gastroschisis—a serious abdominal wall defect. Because many women may not realize they’re pregnant during this critical window, healthcare providers are urged to carefully weigh the risks and benefits of prescribing opioids to women of childbearing age and to discuss effective contraception and alternative pain management strategies when appropriate.
  73. In 2024, the United States saw a dramatic improvement in the overdose crisis, with drug overdose deaths dropping to an estimated 80,391—a 26.9% decline from the 110,037 recorded in 2023 and the lowest total since 2019. Opioid-related fatalities fell sharply, from about 83,140 in 2023 to 54,743 in 2024, marking a 37% reduction, while deaths involving synthetic opioids like fentanyl, though still prevalent, also declined significantly. Overdose deaths tied to methamphetamine and cocaine dropped by 20–28%, and nearly every state reported progress, with places like Virginia, Ohio, and West Virginia experiencing declines of 35% or more.
  74. Studies have shown that patients who took Vioxx (rofecoxib), a COX-2 inhibitor once used to treat arthritis and pain, faced a significantly elevated risk of cardiovascular events—including blood clots and death—even after stopping the medication. A follow-up analysis of clinical trial data found that during the off-drug period, patients previously treated with Vioxx experienced twice as many cardiovascular thromboembolic events and more than double the number of deaths compared to those who had taken a placebo. This lingering risk remains poorly understood, but it underscores the long-term cardiovascular impact of certain medications, even after discontinuation.
  75. A study suggests that individuals who take cholesterol-lowering statins for one to two years or longer may face a reduced risk of developing gallstones, particularly those composed of cholesterol. Statins lower blood cholesterol by inhibiting its production in the liver and also decrease cholesterol secretion into bile—a key contributor to gallstone formation. One large population-based study found that people who had filled 20 or more statin prescriptions were significantly less likely to develop gallstone disease than non-users. A separate systematic review further supported this link, showing that medium- to long-term statin use was associated with a lower risk of both gallstones and gallbladder removal (cholecystectomy). While study results differ slightly, the overall evidence suggests that statins may offer a protective benefit against cholesterol-based gallstones.
  76. Zantac and its generic form, ranitidine, the heartburn pill that once ranked as the world's best-selling drug, contained a chemical N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) that causes cancer. The Food and Drug Administration confirmed unacceptable levels of this chemical, in Zantac. The FDA's testing suggests Pepcid, Tagamet, Nexium, Prevacid and Prilosec do not contain this chemical. More than 40 other countries from Australia to Vietnam have also either stopped sales of Zantac and its generic pills, launched investigations or otherwise stepped in to protect consumers from possible health risks.
  77. Zocor (simvastatin), a cholesterol-lowering statin, has been associated with serious side effects—particularly when taken at the high 80 mg dose. While effective at reducing LDL cholesterol, this dosage has been linked to an increased risk of muscle injury, including a rare but life-threatening condition called rhabdomyolysis, which can lead to severe kidney damage or even death. Due to these risks, the U.S. FDA has recommended that the 80 mg dose should not be started in new patients and should only be continued in those who have been taking it for over a year without complications. Most patients can achieve similar cholesterol-lowering benefits with lower doses or alternative statins that carry a lower risk of muscle toxicity.
  78. When combined with radiation therapy, the chemotherapy drug cisplatin has been shown to improve survival outcomes in certain cervical cancer patients, particularly those with advanced-stage disease. For example, a clinical trial involving women with stage IIIB squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix found that adding weekly cisplatin to radiotherapy reduced the risk of death by about 19% compared to radiation alone. However, more recent data from the 2025 Society of Gynecologic Oncology Annual Meeting revealed that in cases of intermediate-risk, early-stage cervical cancer, cisplatin offered no significant survival benefit and was associated with more severe side effects. These findings suggest that while cisplatin-based chemoradiotherapy can enhance survival in specific high-risk groups, its effectiveness and tolerability depend heavily on individual cancer stage and risk profile.
  79. The Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) is an environmental contaminant found in water along with meat, dairy, and vegetables. Exposure to high amounts of NDMA can increase the risk of bladder, stomach, gastric or colorectal cancers. The heartburn drug Zantac has high levels of NDMA above the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)'s acceptable daily limit, causing cancer danger. The FDA issued the order to remove from the market all prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) ranitidine medications sold under the brand name Zantac (tablets or liquid) after concluding that the cancer-causing contaminant NDMA can build up in the drug when stored at higher than room temperatures for long periods. Many heartburn products (brand and generic forms) that do not contain NDMA, such as Pepcid, Tagamet, Nexium, Prevacid and Prilosec, can replace Zantac.
  80. A number of medications have been linked to the development or worsening of tinnitus due to their ototoxic effects, which can damage the inner ear or auditory nerves. These include certain antibiotics like polymyxin B, erythromycin, vancomycin, and neomycin; cancer treatments such as mechlorethamine and vincristine; loop diuretics like bumetanide, ethacrynic acid, and furosemide; and quinine-based drugs used for malaria or other conditions. Additionally, antidepressants, both tricyclics and SSRIs, have been reported to trigger tinnitus in some individuals, while high-dose aspirin and NSAIDs are among the most frequently implicated, though symptoms often subside after discontinuation. The risk depends on dosage, duration, and individual susceptibility, so medical consultation is recommended for anyone experiencing tinnitus while taking these medications.
  81. Vaccines prevent diseases that can be dangerous, or even deadly. Vaccines greatly reduce the risk of infection by working with the body’s natural defenses to safely develop immunity to disease. When germs, such as bacteria or viruses, invade the body, they attack and multiply. This invasion, called an infection, is what causes illness. The immune system uses several tools to fight infection. Blood contains red blood cells, for carrying oxygen to tissues and organs, and white or immune cells, for fighting infection. The first time the body encounters a germ, it can take several days to make and use all the germ-fighting tools needed to get over the infection. After the infection, the immune system remembers what it learned about how to protect the body against that disease. Vaccines help develop immunity by imitating an infection. Once the imitation infection goes away, the body is left with a supply of “memory” that will remember how to fight that disease in the future.
  82. FDA warned patients not to combine  Plavix with
  83. Some research suggests that calcium supplements—especially when taken without vitamin D—may increase the risk of heart attacks, with one pooled analysis reporting a 30% higher incidence of cardiovascular events among people over 40 who used calcium pills compared to those who didn’t. The suspected mechanism involves elevated blood calcium levels potentially promoting arterial calcification and plaque formation. Although calcium supplements are often taken to support bone health, the evidence around their effectiveness and safety is mixed; some studies show limited benefit in fracture prevention, while others suggest added risks. Experts generally recommend obtaining calcium through dietary sources, such as dairy products and leafy greens, which are believed to be both safer for the heart and more beneficial for overall skeletal health.
  84. The Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) is an environmental contaminant found in water along with meat, dairy, and vegetables. Exposure to high amounts of NDMA can increase the risk of bladder, stomach, gastric or colorectal cancers. The heartburn drug Zantac has high levels of NDMA above the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)’s acceptable daily limit, causing cancer danger. The FDA issued the order to remove from the market all prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) ranitidine medications sold under the brand name Zantac (tablets or liquid) after concluding that the cancer-causing contaminant NDMA can build up in the drug when stored at higher than room temperatures for long periods. Many heartburn products (brand and generic forms) that do not contain NDMA, such as Pepcid, Tagamet, Nexium, Prevacid and Prilosec, can replace Zantac.
  85. Inhalers were developed from the late 1700s to deliver medication into the body through inhalation, or breathing through the mouth. Inhalers were associated with lung complaints, but during the 20th century they became connected with asthma treatment. Asthma inhalers are hand-held, portable devices that deliver medication to your lungs. Each consist of a pressurized canister containing medication that fits into a boot-shaped plastic mouthpiece. With most metered dose inhalers, medication is released by pushing the canister into the boot.
  86. Medicines reduce aches and pains, fight infections, and control problems such as high blood pressure or diabetes; however, medicines can also cause unwanted reactions. One problem is interactions, which may occur between
  87. Topical benzocaine—commonly used for alleviating itching, toothaches, and minor skin irritations—has been linked in rare instances to a serious condition called methemoglobinemia, which reduces the blood’s capacity to carry oxygen. This can lead to a bluish discoloration of the lips, fingertips, or other extremities and may be accompanied by symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, dizziness, confusion, or even loss of consciousness. Alarmingly, this reaction can occur even after a single application, particularly when benzocaine is used in high doses or on broken skin. Given these risks, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued strong warnings, especially advising against the use of benzocaine-containing products in children under two years of age unless specifically directed by a healthcare provider. Prompt medical attention is essential if any signs of methemoglobinemia appear.
  88. The CAPRISA 004 trial marked a groundbreaking advancement in HIV prevention by demonstrating that a vaginal gel containing 1% tenofovir—an antiretroviral drug—could significantly reduce infection risk among women. Conducted in South Africa between 2007 and 2009, the two-and-a-half-year study involved 900 participants and showed that using the gel before and after sex lowered HIV acquisition by 39%, with efficacy rising to 54% among women who used it consistently. It also reduced genital herpes infections by 51%. These results, presented at the 2010 International AIDS Conference, were hailed as a milestone for female-controlled prevention strategies, although follow-up studies like FACTS 001 yielded mixed outcomes due to challenges with adherence. Nonetheless, CAPRISA 004 remains a pivotal achievement in empowering women to protect themselves in high-risk settings.
  89. Zantac and its generic form, ranitidine, the heartburn pill that once ranked as the world’s best-selling drug, contained a chemical N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) that causes cancer. The Food and Drug Administration confirmed unacceptable levels of this chemical, in Zantac. The agency’s testing suggests Pepcid, Tagamet, Nexium, Prevacid and Prilosec do not contain this chemical. More than 40 other countries from Australia to Vietnam have also either stopped sales of Zantac and its generic pills, launched investigations or otherwise stepped in to protect consumers from possible health risks.
  90. Zolgensma, a new drug approved by the FDA in May 2019, costs more than $2.1 million. It's made by AveXis, a drugmaker owned by pharmaceutical giant Novartis. This gene therapy medication used to treat rare spinal muscular atrophy in children less than two. This drug, which is given once by injection into a vein, is now the most expensive drug on the market.
  91. Luxturna, an Spark Therapeutics' AAV vector-based one-time gene therapy, is used for the treatment of confirmed biallelic RPE65 mutation-associated retinal dystrophy, an inherited retinal disorder that leads to vision loss. The gene therapy drug is priced at $425,000 per eye for a total cost of $850,000 per patient.
  92. Myalept is used to treat the complications of leptin deficiency, in addition to diet, in patients with congenital generalized or acquired generalized lipodystrophy. Patients typically use 14 vials per month and each vial is priced at $4,633, the drug costs $778,344 per year.
  93. A new study raises fresh concerns about Zetia and its cousin, Vytorin. Zetia failed to shrink buildups in artery walls, and Zetia users also suffered more heart attacks. Vytorin is a pill that combines Zetia with a statin. It has been proven that neither Vytorin nor Zetia are any better at lowering cholesterol, reducing plaque buildup in the arteries, or prevent heart attacks or death than low grade niacin.
  94. Aurobindo Pharma USA's Folotyn is used for the treatment for peripheral T-cell lymphoma, on the basis of a clinical trial demonstrating the ability to reduce tumor size, but not to prolong life. The drug costs $30,000 a month or more, which could reach a total of $126,000 during a course of treatment.
  95. Monthly costs for the drugs for patients with advanced cancer ranged from $5,454 to $45,004, and the average was $13,176; between 2006 and 2015 the average monthly cost of oncology drugs increased from $7,103 to $15,535, and the incremental cost of new drugs increased from $30,447 to $161,141. From 2016 to 2024, the cost of oncology drugs in the U.S. continued to climb sharply, with monthly expenses for advanced cancer treatments ranging from $13,000 to over $25,000 and annual costs of newly launched drugs often exceeding $260,000. The median monthly price rose steadily, reaching an estimated $25,000 or more by 2024, while the incremental cost of new oncology therapies soared from $115,000 to $300,000 annually. Spending on cancer drugs increased from $58 billion in 2018 to $88 billion in 2022 and is projected to surpass $100 billion by 2025. Although new policies like Medicare’s out-of-pocket caps have offered some financial relief, the escalating costs reflect a trend toward more complex and targeted therapies, raising concerns about affordability and access for patients nationwide.
  96. Poisoning is the leading cause of injury-related mortality in the United States, with more than 40,000 deaths annually. Drugs account for 90% of poisoning deaths, and the number of deaths from drug poisoning has increased substantially. An estimated 1.1 million emergency department visits for drug poisoning were made each year, comprising 2.4% of total injury-related visits. Among persons aged 35–49, the emergency department visit rate for drug poisoning was higher among females(51.2 per 10,000 persons) compared with males (31.9 per 10,000 persons).
  97. 90% of more than 100 drugs, both prescription and over-the-counter, were perfectly good to use even 15 years after the expiration date. Excluding certain prescription medicines such as nitroglycerin, insulin, and liquid antibiotics, most medicines stored under reasonable conditions retain at least 70% to 80% of their original potency for at least 1 to 2 years after the expiration date, even after the container has been opened. The expiration date doesn't really indicate a point at which the medication is no longer effective or has become unsafe to use; expired medicine is safe to take, even those that expired years ago.
  98. Women who take acetaminophen during pregnancy are more likely to have a hyperactive child. Hyperactive behavior (called attention deficit hyperactivity disorder - ADHD) usually refers to constant activity, being easily distracted, impulsiveness, inability to concentrate, aggressiveness, and similar behaviors.Kids with ADHD have problems paying attention and sitting still in their seats, and they do things without thinking about the results. Hundreds of over-the-counter and prescription medications contain acetaminophen
  99. Popular heartburn medications known as Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs)—including omeprazole (Prilosec), esomeprazole (Nexium), and lansoprazole (Prevacid)—have been tied to a range of potential health issues when used long term, including serious kidney damage, bone fractures, and an increased risk of dementia. Prolonged PPI use has been linked to chronic kidney disease and even end-stage renal failure, especially in older adults, as well as a higher likelihood of hip, wrist, and spine fractures due to reduced calcium absorption. Some observational studies have also suggested a possible connection between PPIs and cognitive decline, potentially related to impaired vitamin B12 absorption. More recent research has raised additional concerns about increased risks of cardiovascular events, hypertension, and electrolyte imbalances with extended use, prompting recommendations to take the lowest effective dose for the shortest duration necessary and to consider alternatives like H2 blockers or lifestyle changes when appropriate.
  100. Drug overdoses killed 63,632 Americans in 2016. Nearly two-thirds of these deaths (66%) involved a prescription or illicit opioid. Overdose deaths increased in all categories of drugs examined for men and women, people ages 15 and older, all races and ethnicities, and across all levels of urbanization. Some 32.4 million people - or 0.7 per cent of the world's adult population - are users of pharmaceutical opioids and opiates such as heroin and opium. In 2023 and 2024, the United States saw a significant downturn in drug overdose deaths, reversing a long-standing upward trend. Estimated fatalities dropped from 107,543 in 2023 to approximately 80,391 in 2024—a 26.9% decline and the lowest total since 2019. While opioids remained the leading cause, accounting for around 60% of all overdose deaths, the number of fatalities involving synthetic opioids like fentanyl fell by 37%, and deaths related to cocaine and methamphetamine also declined by 28% and 21%, respectively. Experts attributed this progress to expanded access to naloxone, improved treatment availability, and strengthened harm reduction strategies. Globally, however, opioid use continues to pose a major challenge; the UNODC reported that around 60 million people used opioids in 2022, making them the second most-used drug class after cannabis, with only one in eleven people with substance use disorders receiving adequate treatment.
  101. From 1991 to 2011, there was a near tripling of opioid prescriptions dispensed by U.S. pharmacies from 76 million to 219 million prescriptions; Mexican heroin production increased from an estimated 8 metric tons in 2005 to 50 metric tons in 2009 - more than a six-fold increase in just 4 years. Pooling data from 2002 to 2012, the incidence of heroin initiation was 19 times higher among those who reported prior nonmedical pain reliever use than among those who did not. Between 2013 and 2024, the United States saw a notable decline in opioid prescriptions, which fell from roughly 219 million in 2011 to about 125 million by 2023, reflecting tighter regulations and growing awareness of addiction risks. Meanwhile, Mexican heroin production surged, climbing from 26 metric tons in 2013 to an estimated 72 metric tons in 2021, driven by increased opium poppy cultivation before tapering as fentanyl grew to dominate the illicit drug market. Throughout this period, heroin initiation remained strongly linked to prior nonmedical use of prescription opioids, with studies suggesting individuals who misused prescription pain relievers faced up to a 40-fold increased risk of developing heroin dependence. This era marked a shift from a prescription-driven opioid crisis toward a more complex epidemic fueled by heroin and synthetic opioids like fentanyl.
  102. Ecstasy is a psychoactive drug used primarily as a recreational drug; it is often mixed with a variety of substances such as LSD, cocaine, amphetamine, meth, heroin, rat poison, caffeine, dog deworming substances and more. Ecstasy increases the release and slows the reuptake of the neurotransmitters serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine in parts of the brain; it has stimulant and psychedelic effects; the initial increase is followed by a short-term decrease in the neurotransmitters; Ecstasy is use is illegal, highly addictive and incredibly dangerous.
  103. Prescription drug misuse has become a large public health problem, because misuse can lead to addiction, and even overdose deaths.
  104. Three kinds of prescription drugs that are commonly abused are:
    • Opioids—painkillers like Vicodin, OxyContin, or codeine
    • Depressants—like those used to relieve anxiety or help a person sleep, such as Valium or Xanax
    • Stimulants—like those used for treating attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), such as Adderall and Ritalin
  105. Combining opioid pain or cough medications with benzodiazepines can lead to serious and potentially fatal outcomes, prompting the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to issue a Boxed Warning—its most stringent safety alert—for both classes of drugs. This combination significantly depresses the central nervous system and may result in extreme sedation, respiratory depression, coma, or death, even at low doses. Studies have shown that individuals prescribed both drug types are up to ten times more likely to die from an overdose compared to those using opioids alone. As a result, the FDA strongly advises against co-prescribing these medications unless absolutely necessary, recommending the lowest effective doses for the shortest possible duration and urging patients and caregivers to watch for signs of overdose—such as severe drowsiness, slow breathing, or unresponsiveness—and to seek emergency medical help if they occur.
  106. According to the most recent data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), approximately 20 million Americans aged 12 and older reported using an illicit drug in the past month—a figure that underscores the persistent scale of substance use in the U.S. The economic burden of drug abuse remains staggering, with total costs exceeding $190 billion annually, including $130 billion in lost productivity, $20 billion in healthcare expenses, and $40 billion in legal and criminal justice costs. Among substances, marijuana continues to be the most commonly used illicit drug, followed by cocaine, heroin, inhalants, LSD (acid), MDMA (ecstasy), methamphetamine, PCP, anabolic steroids, and prescription medications like Vicodin and OxyContin, which are often misused for their opioid effects. These trends highlight the need for sustained investment in prevention, treatment, and education to address both the human and economic toll of drug misuse.
  107. In 2014, roughly 576,000 Americans spent more than $50,000 a year on prescription drugs alone. By 2021, that trend had grown dramatically, with the top 1% of healthcare spenders averaging $166,980 annually and the top 5% around $71,067—figures that include all medical expenses, not just medications. With the continued surge in prices for specialty drugs used to treat cancer, autoimmune conditions, and other complex diseases, it's highly likely that in 2024, hundreds of thousands of Americans are still spending over $50,000 each year on prescriptions, particularly those managing chronic or high-cost illnesses.
  108. In 2014, over 500,000 Americans spent more than $50,000 annually on prescription drugs, with 100,000 exceeding $100,000—a near-tripling from the year before. While updated figures for 2023–2024 aren't available, U.S. prescription drug spending soared to $722 billion in 2023, up 13.6% in one year—the largest spike in two decades. This growth is driven by costly treatments for chronic and complex conditions, such as Ozempic, Humira, and Keytruda. Given these trends, it's likely that hundreds of thousands still fall into these high-cost groups, representing a small but financially significant slice of the population.
  109. From 1998 to 2014, 75 of 78 investigational brain tumor drugs failed in clinical trials, and over the past 30 years, only 4 drugs and one device received FDA approval. Between 2015 and 2024, drug development remained difficult, especially for aggressive tumors like glioblastoma, but a few important breakthroughs emerged. Approvals of vorasidenib, belzutifan, tovorafenib, trametinib, dabrafenib, and eflornithine marked progress in targeted therapies. While overall success rates remain low, innovation is gaining ground through advances in immunotherapy, blood-brain barrier disruption, and precision medicine.
  110. Misusing prescription drugs—by taking medications not prescribed to you or using them in ways not directed by a doctor—can be extremely dangerous and even fatal. Prescription drugs are among the most commonly abused substances in the U.S., with around 52 million people—roughly 18.4% of the population aged 12 and older—having misused them at least once. Although they once ranked just behind alcohol and marijuana, recent data places them fifth, following alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, and cocaine. Commonly misused prescription drugs include opioids, sedatives, and stimulants, and despite their legitimate medical use, misuse can quickly lead to addiction, overdose, or death.
  111. As of today, roughly 16.3 million Americans aged 12 and older misuse prescription drugs each year, and about 4% of youth aged 12–17 report doing so, though older estimates suggested that 2,500 teens tried pain relievers for the first time daily. Rural communities face unique risks due to easier access to medications and fewer resources for treatment. While opioids remain the leading cause of overdose deaths, recent data show they’re involved in about 80% of all drug overdose fatalities, far surpassing other substances like cocaine or methamphetamine. Although antidepressants and sedatives are also misused, the claim that they collectively account for more overdose deaths than all illicit stimulants combined is outdated and not supported by current CDC data.
  112. As of 2023 through 2025, the FDA's warning about the risk of hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation in patients treated with direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) for hepatitis C remains in effect, with no major updates since the initial safety communication in 2016. The Boxed Warning still appears on DAA medications like Sovaldi and Mavyret, advising healthcare providers to screen all patients for current or past HBV infection and monitor them during and after treatment to detect any signs of reactivation, which can lead to serious liver injury, including liver failure or death. Although no significant new outbreaks have been reported, the persistence of this warning underscores the importance of careful screening and close monitoring when treating HCV with DAAs.
  113. The FDA has issued a strong warning about the risk of hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation in patients receiving direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) for hepatitis C. In some individuals with current or past HBV infection, starting DAA therapy led to HBV reactivation—sometimes within 4 to 8 weeks—which can result in serious liver damage or even death. Between 2013 and 2016, the FDA documented 24 such cases, including two fatalities and one liver transplant, prompting a Boxed Warning—the agency’s most serious alert—on several DAA medications. As a result, healthcare providers are urged to screen patients for HBV before initiating treatment and to monitor closely during and after therapy to manage any potential reactivation.
  114. Wells Pharmacy Network issued a voluntary nationwide recall of all sterile products produced between February 22 and September 16, 2016, due to concerns raised by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) over a lack of sterility assurance2. Although no specific products were found to be contaminated and no adverse events were reported, the recall was initiated out of an abundance of caution. The affected items—over 600 in total—included injectable solutions such as progesterone, testosterone, and gonadotropin, and spanned both human and veterinary use. The FDA emphasized that administering a product intended to be sterile, if contaminated, could result in serious or life-threatening infections. Patients and providers were advised to discontinue use, quarantine any unused products, and contact the pharmacy for return instructions.
  115. The prices of cold-sore cream Denavir, cancer drug Nilandron, beta blocker Dutoprol, and osteoporosis treatment Miacalcin jumped 372 percent, 989 percent, 1,057 percent, and 3,259 percent, in January 2013, August 2014, May 2015, and September 2015, respectively. Following dramatic price hikes between 2013 and 2015, the costs of several medications remained inflated through 2024, with some continuing to increase. Denavir (penciclovir) maintained its elevated price, with a 5g tube retailing around $876 by 2024. Nilandron (nilutamide), used in prostate cancer treatment, reached about $3,319 for a 30-tablet supply, fluctuating between $3,000 and $5,500 in recent years. Dutoprol, a beta blocker, saw its price soar more than 900% by 2015 and has since remained high, while Miacalcin (calcitonin) rose from $67 to $2,286 per vial in 2015 and continued to retail for around $246 per dose in 2024. Despite public scrutiny and policy discussions, these medications have yet to return to pre-inflation price levels, underscoring ongoing concerns around drug affordability and pricing transparency in the U.S. pharmaceutical market.
  116. In the U.S. there are one device and 16 FDA approved drugs to treat brain tumors:
  117. Before 2010, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) had approved six medications for the prevention of breast cancer, primarily centered on the selective estrogen receptor modulators tamoxifen and raloxifene—marketed under names such as Evista (Raloxifene Hydrochloride), Keoxifene (Raloxifene Hydrochloride), Nolvadex (Tamoxifen Citrate), Raloxifene Hydrochloride, and Tamoxifen Citrate. These agents remain the cornerstone of preventive therapy, especially for women at high risk. Since then, no new drugs have been approved specifically for breast cancer prevention. However, the landscape of breast cancer treatment has evolved dramatically since 2010, with the emergence of numerous targeted therapies. Among them are CDK4/6 inhibitors—palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib—for hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative cases; PARP inhibitors like olaparib and talazoparib for BRCA-mutated cancers; and advanced HER2-directed treatments such as ado-trastuzumab emtansine, trastuzumab deruxtecan, neratinib, and tucatinib. Additionally, immunotherapies such as atezolizumab and pembrolizumab have been introduced for certain cases of triple-negative breast cancer, and PI3K inhibitor alpelisib offers a precision-medicine approach for patients with PIK3CA mutations. Together, these innovations signify a major shift toward personalized, molecularly targeted treatment strategies across the breast cancer spectrum.
  118. Prescription sleeping pills such as Lunesta (eszopiclone), Ambien (zolpidem), Restoril (temazepam), and Sonata (zaleplon) have been linked to a significantly higher risk of early death, with studies suggesting that individuals who use these medications are up to four times more likely to die prematurely compared to nonusers. Even infrequent use has been associated with increased mortality, with causes ranging from cancer and heart disease to respiratory problems and accidental injuries like falls or car crashes. Large-scale studies, including research from Scripps Clinic and Taiwan, support these findings and suggest that sleeping pills may contribute to increased risks through mechanisms like respiratory suppression, cognitive impairment, depression, and immune system weakening. While these are observational data and do not prove causation, they have prompted experts to urge caution with long-term use and recommend safer alternatives such as cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I), lifestyle changes, and non-sedating treatments.
  119. A groundbreaking study led by researchers at Harvard Medical School found that daily doses of a Parkinson's drug—specifically amantadine—significantly improved function in patients with severe brain injuries who were previously considered beyond the reach of treatment. The trial provided the first rigorous evidence that pharmacological intervention could meaningfully aid recovery in patients in a minimally conscious state, enhancing their ability to follow commands, communicate, and regain awareness. These findings challenged long-held assumptions about the limits of recovery after traumatic brain injury and opened new avenues for therapeutic strategies targeting neural plasticity and arousal pathways.
  120. Cholesterol-reducing statin drugs, such as Lipitor (atorvastatin), Crestor (rosuvastatin), Vytorin (simvastatin/ezetimibe), and Zocor (simvastatin) increased risks of Type 2 diabetes and memory loss for patients who take the medications. However, in addition to lower cholesterol levels, statins may reduce the risk of death for patients who have been hospitalized for influenza.
  121. Since 2023, the leading cause of overdose deaths in the U.S. has shifted away from prescription painkillers toward synthetic opioids like fentanyl, which were involved in over 72,000 deaths in 2023 alone. In contrast, about 13,000 overdose deaths were linked to prescription opioids, while heroin accounted for roughly 4,000 and cocaine nearly 29,500. Even when combined, deaths from heroin and cocaine surpassed those from prescription opioids. However, many overdoses involve multiple substances, blurring clear distinctions. Despite the continued risk posed by prescription painkillers, it's now illicit fentanyl and polysubstance use that dominate the overdose crisis.
  122. As of 2022, approximately 4% of adolescents aged 12 to 17 reported misusing prescription drugs, often obtaining them not from dealers, but from familiar sources—such as friends, family members, or unsecured medicine cabinets at home. This easy access to leftover medications remains a major contributor to teen drug misuse, underscoring the importance of safely storing prescriptions, disposing of unused pills properly, and fostering open, honest conversations about the dangers of misuse.
  123. According to the 2023 Monitoring the Future survey, after marijuana, prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) medications—such as Adderall, opioids, tranquilizers, and cough medicines containing dextromethorphan (DXM)—rank among the most commonly misused substances by 12th graders. These drugs are often perceived as safer because they’re legal and widely available, but misuse can lead to serious health risks, including addiction and overdose. Alcohol and nicotine vaping also remain prevalent, but when it comes to drug categories beyond marijuana, prescription and OTC medications are a major concern among teens.
  124. In 2024, drug-related emergency department visits reached approximately 1.6 million, highlighting the escalating toll of substance misuse on the healthcare system. Pharmaceuticals—especially opioids, benzodiazepines, and antidepressants—were frequently involved, either on their own or in combination with other substances. The misuse of prescription drugs remains a key contributor to these emergencies, with the risks compounded when mixed with alcohol or illicit drugs.
  125. In 2013, the U.S. spent $271.1 billion on prescription drugs—nearly one-tenth of the nation's total healthcare spending. A decade later, that figure soared to $449.7 billion in 2023, an 11.4% jump from the previous year. By 2024, spending surged even further to an estimated $805.9 billion, driven largely by rising demand for costly medications like GLP-1 receptor agonists used for diabetes and weight loss. Despite this dramatic rise in dollar terms, prescription drugs still accounted for about 9.2% of total national health expenditures in 2023—roughly the same proportion as in 2013, but nearly triple the cost.
  126. Approximately 52 million Americans—about 18.4% of those aged 12 and older—have misused prescription drugs at least once in their lifetime, placing them among the most widely abused substances. While earlier data ranked prescription drugs third behind alcohol and marijuana, recent statistics indicate they now rank fifth, following alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, and cocaine. Despite this shift in position, prescription medications such as opioids, sedatives, and stimulants continue to pose a major public health concern due to their high misuse potential, widespread availability, and risk of addiction or overdose.
  127. Roughly 16.3 million Americans misuse prescription medications each year, with rates highest among teens and young adults in their 20s, particularly for opioids, stimulants, and sedatives. While earlier surveys once estimated that 20% of high school students had taken a prescription drug without a doctor's approval, more recent data suggests the actual figure is closer to 5% among 12th graders. Still, misuse remains a serious concern—and it's rising among adults in their 50s and older, especially within the baby boomer generation, due to increased access to medications for chronic health conditions and a lower perceived risk of harm.
  128. In 2023, the FDA approved 55 novel drugs—one of the highest annual totals in recent decades—targeting conditions ranging from cancer and Alzheimer’s to rare genetic diseases, with over half of these treatments developed for rare disorders and many fast-tracked through expedited pathways like priority review. In 2024, approvals remained robust with 50 novel drugs cleared, including a growing number of biologics and gene therapies addressing neurological, infectious, and endocrine conditions. Compared to the 35 approvals in 2011, both years reflect a significant acceleration in drug development and regulatory responsiveness.
  129. After marijuana and alcohol, prescription medications—including opioids, stimulants, and cough syrups—rank among the most commonly misused substances by teens. Recent data indicates that approximately 2.5% of adolescents aged 12 to 17 report misusing pain relievers each year, while about 5% of 12th graders admit to having misused any prescription drug. A major driver of this trend is the easy access teens have to these medications—often from friends, relatives, or unsecured supplies at home—underscoring the urgent need for stronger prevention strategies, secure storage, responsible disposal, and open communication about the risks of misuse.
  130. Between 2022 and 2024, the U.S. saw a steady stream of new drug approvals, indicating a healthy and expanding pharmaceutical pipeline. The FDA approved 37 novel drugs in 2022, a slight decrease from previous years but still significantly higher than the totals seen in 2008–2010. In 2023, approvals surged to 55—one of the highest counts in decades—followed by 50 more novel drug approvals in 2024. This upward trend reflects advances in biotechnology and growing momentum in treatments for cancer, rare diseases, neurological disorders, and gene therapies, reinforcing the nation’s continued investment in innovative drug development.
  131. In 2008, the top 5 generic drugs sold in the US are Hydrocodone/APAP ($1.78B), Simvastatin ($1.45B), Azithromycin ($1.3B), Omeprazole ($1.15B), and Metoprolol Succinate ($1.12B). The rest.... By 2024, while precise sales rankings for individual generic drugs aren't as publicly detailed as they were in 2008, the generic drug market in the U.S. remains strong, with over 950 approvals in 2023 alone. The landscape has shifted significantly: pain medications like Hydrocodone/APAP have declined in use due to opioid-related regulations; cardiovascular drugs such as Atorvastatin, Lisinopril, and Metoprolol remain widely prescribed; and common medications like Omeprazole have shifted to over-the-counter status, affecting prescription-based sales. Antibiotic use, including Azithromycin, remains common but fluctuates with public health trends. Meanwhile, biosimilars and complex generics are gaining prominence, and the industry continues to adapt to pricing pressures, supply chain challenges, and evolving treatment demands.
  132. Drug patent expirations (2008 & 2009) included some popular medications, such as Acular (used for treat Eye pain), Arimidex (Breast cancer), Avandia (Diabetes), Avelox (Antibiotic), Cellcept (Organ rejection), Flomax (BPH), Glyset (Diabetes), Imitrex (Migraine), Keppra (Epilepsy), Prevacid (Heartburn), Valtrex (Herpes), Xenical (Obesity), Advair (Asthma), Camptosar (Colon and rectum cancers), Casodex (Prostate cancer), Depakote (Epilepsy), Effexor XR (Depression), Fosamax (Osteoporosis), Lamictal (Epilepsy), Prograf (Organ rejection), Risperdal (Schizophrenia), Serevent (Asthma), Sonata (Insomnia), Topamax (Migraine), Trusopt (Glaucoma), and Zerit (HIV). Between 2010 and 2025, the U.S. experienced a substantial wave of drug patent expirations—often referred to as the "patent cliff"—which allowed generic versions of many top-selling brand-name drugs to enter the market and significantly reshape the pharmaceutical industry. Hundreds of medications across key areas such as cardiovascular health, mental health, cancer, and infectious diseases lost their exclusivity, including blockbusters like Lipitor, Plavix, Singulair, Cymbalta, and Abilify. From 2021 to 2024, dozens more patents expired, especially in oncology and immunology, and by 2025, at least 65 additional drugs are expected to go off-patent. This 15-year stretch has played a major role in expanding access to treatment while driving down costs and encouraging a shift toward more complex generics and biosimilars.
  133. In 2007, the top 5 generic drugs used in hospitals in the US are Lovenox ($1.44B), Aranesp ($1.2B), Procrit ($1.2B), Revlimid ($1.15B), and Neulasta ($978M). The rest... In 2008, the top 5 branded drugs sold in the US are Lipitor ($5.88B), Nexium ($4.80B), Plavix ($3.80B), Advair Diskus ($3.57B), and Prevacid ($3.3B). The rest... In 2023 and 2024, the U.S. pharmaceutical market experienced a major shift toward specialty and chronic disease treatments, with top-selling branded drugs reflecting the rising dominance of cancer therapies, metabolic treatments, and advanced biologics. In 2023, the five leading drugs by U.S. sales were Keytruda ($25.0B, Merck), Humira ($14.4B, AbbVie), Ozempic ($14.0B, Novo Nordisk), Eliquis ($12.9B, BMS/Pfizer), and Biktarvy ($11.8B, Gilead Sciences). By 2024, Keytruda remained at the top with $29.5B in sales, followed by Eliquis ($20.7B), Ozempic ($17.5B), Dupixent ($14.1B, Sanofi/Regeneron), and Biktarvy ($13.4B). These rankings highlight a growing demand for immunotherapies, GLP-1 receptor agonists for diabetes and weight loss, and treatments for chronic and viral conditions, while older blockbusters like Humira lost ground due to biosimilar competition.
  134. There were a number of drug companies that paid billions of dollars to the U.S. government to settle their bad practices on drugs, such as providing wrong advertisements, illegally encouraging doctors to prescribe unapproved drugs to patients, and manipulating prices to overcharge state and federal programs. Between 2006 and 2011, over 130 settlements were made, in which the most well-known ones were Glaxo-SmithKline paid $3 billion in 2011, and Pfizer and Eli Lilly paid $2.3 billion and $1.4 billion, respectively, in 2009. Between 2006 and 2011, more than 130 settlements were reached between pharmaceutical companies and the U.S. government over unethical practices such as misleading advertising, promoting unapproved drug uses, offering kickbacks to physicians, and overcharging public healthcare programs. Notable cases include GlaxoSmithKline's $3 billion settlement in 2012—the largest healthcare fraud settlement at the time—alongside Pfizer's $2.3 billion and Eli Lilly's $1.4 billion payouts in 2009. Since then, even larger agreements have been made, such as Johnson & Johnson and three major distributors paying $26 billion in 2021 for their role in the opioid crisis, and Purdue Pharma with the Sackler family agreeing to a $7.4 billion opioid-related settlement in 2024. These cases underscore the ongoing scrutiny of pharmaceutical industry practices and the high financial stakes tied to corporate accountability in public health.

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News, Info, Facts, Guides & Tips
▷ Prescriptions Discussion Forum
Discussion Forum .

▷ News, Info & Facts
  1. Impact of Utilization Management Policies for Cancer Drug Therapies
  2. Public Opinion on Prescription Drugs and Their Prices
  3. A Third of Americans Don't Fill Prescriptions Due to Cost
  4. Almost 40% of Americans Struggle to Pay for Prescription Medications
  5. In U.S., an Estimated 18 Million Can't Pay for Needed Drugs
  6. Millions of Adults Skip Medications Due to Their High Cost
  7. Millions of Older Americans Can't Afford Prescriptions
  8. Public Opinion on Prescription Drugs and Their Prices
  9. The High Cost of Prescription Drugs: Causes and Solutions
  10. The Maddeningly High Price of Prescription Drugs
  11. Struggling With Prescription Costs? Try These 10 Resources
  12. Drug Trend Report
  13. Latest Generic Drug Approvals
  14. Is Purchasing Canadian Drugs Legal?
  15. Is It Legal for Me to Personally Import Drugs? | FDA
  16. FDA-Approved HIV Medicines
  17. FDA Approvals of Drugs for Cancer Treatment
  18. FDA Warning Letter: Unlimited Nutrition
  19. FDA Identifies Contamination Source in Blood Pressure Medicines Used by Millions.
  20. FDA Regulatory, Healthcare, and Consumer Products
  21. FDA Finalizes Rule on Prescription Drug Importation from Canada
  22. States Urge Biden to Allow Drug Imports from Canada
  23. Americans Will Now Be Able to Import Prescription Drugs from Canada
  24. International Prescription Drug Price Comparisons: Current Empirical Estimates and Comparisons with Previous Studies
  25. Novel Drug Approvals for 2022 | FDA
  26. Healthy Cholesterol: LDL Drug May Be Alternative to Statins
  27. Safest Cholesterol Lowering Drug
  28. Cholesterol-Lowering Medication.
  29. Cholesterol Medications | American Heart Association
  30. Cholesterol Medications.
  31. Cholesterol Medications: Consider Options
  32. Many Ways to Lower Cholesterol Will Reduce Heart Disease Risk.
  33. Statin Disaster.
  34. Statins: Are These Cholesterol-Lowering Drugs Right for You?
  35. Statin Use Significantly Impacted by Drug Interactions.
  36. Statins Linked to Raised Risk of Cataracts.
  37. A Statin Alternative Joins Drugs That Can Reduce Heart Attack Risk
  38. High-intensity Statins Linked to Better Survival Rates of Cardiovascular Patients.
  39. Do You Need to Take Statins to Lower Your Cholesterol Level?
  40. Can't Take Statins? New Pill Cuts Cholesterol, Heart Attacks
  41. Amylyx Prices Newly Approved ALS Drug at $158,000 per Year
  42. Decongestant Phenylephrine Doesn’t Work, FDA Advisors Say
  43. Flu Medicine: Best Over-the-Counter (OTC) and Prescription Flu Medicine
  44. Popular OTC Medicines for Colds and Allergies Don’t Work, FDA Panel Says
  45. Popular Nasal Decongestant Doesn't Actually Relieve Congestion, FDA Advisers Say
  46. Medications for Metachromatic Leukodystrophy
  47. Medications for Alzheimer's Disease
  48. Medications for Memory Loss
  49. Medications for Parkinson's Disease Management
  50. Medications for Substance Use Disorders
  51. Medications for Oropharyngeal Cancer
  52. Medications for Stomach Ulcer (Gastric Ulcer)
  53. Medications for Gastroenteritis
  54. Medications for Muscle Spasm (Involuntary Hypertonicity) - Treatments Muscle Spasm Print
  55. Medications for High Blood Pressure
  56. Medications for Stomach Ulcer (Gastric Ulcer)
  57. Medications for Epilepsy
  58. Medications That Can-Cause Memory Loss
  59. Medications Have Been Discontinued
  60. Medication Burden of Treatment Using Oral Cancer Medications
  61. Medication Keeps Getting More Expensive - and Big Pharma Won't Explain Why.
  62. Medication Errors
  63. Medicine or Menace? The Marijuana Argument Is Rekindled.
  64. Medications Approved to Treat Alzheimer's Disease
  65. Medicines to Treat Cancer
  66. Medicine in Colonial North America
  67. Medicine and Drug | Wikipedia
  68. Medicines in Development for Diabetes
  69. Medicines for Treating Autism's Core Symptoms
  70. Medicines for Nausea & Vomiting
  71. Medicinal Plants at Risk
  72. Medicinal Plant Book
  73. Medicare Costs Lowered for 10 drugs, Including Diabetes Prescriptions
  74. Medicare Seeks to Stop Overpayments for Hospice Patients' Drugs.
  75. Medicaid Pharmaceutical State Laws and Policies
  76. Deadly Medicine.
  77. Deadliest Drugs in America
  78. Asthma Medications
  79. Counterfeit Medicine | FDA
  80. The Second Drug Approved for Alzheimer’s Is Not Much Better Than Aduhelm, Experts Say
  81. A New Alzheimer's Drug Has Been Approved
  82. Alzheimer's Disease Medications Fact Sheet
  83. No Acute Effects of Choline Bitartrate Food Supplements on Memory in Healthy, Young, Human Adults
  84. Unproven Alzheimer's Disease Products | FDA
  85. FTC and FDA Send Warning Letters to Companies Selling Dietary Supplements Claiming to Treat Alzheimer's Disease ...
  86. Compare Alzheimer's Disease Medication Prices for Brand and Generic Drugs | GoodRx
  87. No Evidence Low Serotonin Causes Depression?
  88. Ozempic Buzz Is Triggering People with Eating Disorders
  89. The Myth of Drug Expiration Dates
  90. The Myth of Drug Expiration Dates | Citizentruth.org
  91. Expired Drugs: To Take or Not to Take
  92. Are Expired Drugs Really Expired and What Happens When Expired Drugs Are Taken?
  93. That Drug Expiration Date May Be More Myth Than Fact
  94. Does Medicine Really Expire?
  95. Is It Ok to Use Medications Past Their Expiration Dates?
  96. Is It Safe to Take Expired Medicine?.
  97. Evidence the U.S. Autism Epidemic Initiated by Acetaminophen (Tylenol) ...
  98. NIH-Funded Study Suggests Acetaminophen Exposure in Pregnancy Linked to Higher Risk of ADHD, Autism
  99. Beware the Tylenol-Autism Freakout
  100. Is Acetaminophen Safe in Pregnancy?
  101. Paracetamol (Acetaminophen) Use in Infants and Children Was Never Shown to Be Safe for Neurodevelopment: A Systematic Review with Citation Tracking
  102. Tylenol During Pregnancy: Autism, ADHD
  103. Semaglutide for Weight Loss - Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, & More
  104. Mounjaro Weight Loss: Safety, Side Effects, & More
  105. Abdominal Pain Medications Must-Know Information on Various Types of Stomach Pain Medicines
  106. Treatment for Peptic Ulcers (Stomach Ulcers)
  107. Stomach Flu Treatments & Medications
  108. Scientists Identify 69 Drugs to Test Against the Coronavirus.
  109. COVID-19 Drugs: Are There Any That Work?
  110. COVID-19 Pills Could Be Game-Changer, But Doctors Worry About Early Access
  111. COVID-19 Treatments: An Updated List of Drugs and Medications in Development
  112. COVID-19 (Coronavirus) Drugs: Are There Any That Work? | Mayo Clinic
  113. COVID-19 Vaccine Tracker
  114. COVID-19 Drugs and Vaccines Tracker
  115. COVID-19 Drugs: Are There Any That Work?
  116. COVID-19 Medications and Antivirals.
  117. COVID-19 (Coronavirus) Vaccine: Get the Facts.
  118. COVID-19 Vaccine Update: Where Are We?
  119. COVID-19 Vaccines: Myth Versus Fact | Johns Hopkins Medicine
  120. COVID-19 Vaccines | WHO
  121. Excitement Around Hydroxychloroquine for Treating COVID-19.
  122. Could the Anti-malarial Drug Chloroquine Treat COVID-19
  123. Anti-malaria Drug Being Tested for Efficacy Against COVID-19
  124. Pfizer COVID-19 Pill Data Shows Effectiveness Against Severe Disease
  125. Antiviral Pills for COVID-19 -- Not a Cure, But a Great Tool
  126. Merck Sells COVID-19 Pill for 40 Times What It Costs to Make
  127. Final Data on COVID-19 Pills for High-Risk Adults Holds Strong Against Hospitalization and Death
  128. Differences of Vaccines for COVID-19 | CDC
  129. Comparing the Differences Between COVID-19 Vaccines | Mayo Clinic
  130. Find COVID-19 Vaccine Locations Near You | Vaccines.gov
  131. The Coronavirus Vaccine Frontrunners Have Emerged.
  132. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and Cardiovascular Disease
  133. Coronavirus Vaccine: When Will We Have One?.
  134. Coronavirus: Scientists Race to Develop a Vaccine.
  135. Developing Covid-19 Vaccines at Pandemic Speed.
  136. Spotlight on COVID-19: Vaccine Development.
  137. Safety, Tolerability, and Immunogenicity of a Recombinant Adenovirus Type-5 Vectored COVID-19 Vaccine
  138. A Low-Cost Steroid Shows Promise for Treating COVID-19.
  139. 'Remarkably Cheap' Steroid Called Dexamethasone Can Improve COVID-19 Survival.
  140. U.K. Study Backs HCMC's Bullish Use of Dexamethasone for COVID-19.
  141. Vaccines: Good or Bad?
  142. Childhood Vaccinations: Good News/Bad News
  143. Childhood Vaccinations: Benefits vs. Risks
  144. Kids and Vaccines: Are They Safe?
  145. Influenza Vaccines: the Good, the Bad, and the Eggs
  146. DNA Vaccine Protection Against SARS-CoV-2 in Rhesus Macaques
  147. SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines: Status Report.
  148. No Vaccine for SARS, So Why Do We Need One Now?
  149. The Flu Shot: The Myths, the Facts and Why You Should Get It.
  150. Nanoparticle Lung Vaccine Protects Against HIV, Herpes.
  151. The Contribution of Vaccination to Global Health: Past, Present and Future
  152. The Old and the New: Successful Vaccines of the 20th Century ...
  153. Vaccine-Preventable Diseases and Vaccines
  154. Basic Concept of Vaccination
  155. Are We on the Road to an HIV Vaccine?.
  156. A Secret Experiment Revealed: In a Medical First, Doctors Treat Parkinson’s With a Novel Brain Cell Transplant.
  157. Essential Drugs for Cancer Therapy
  158. Overview of Current Targeted Anti-Cancer Drugs for Therapy in Onco-Hematology
  159. Hematology/Oncology (Cancer) Approvals & Safety Notifications
  160. Keytruda Approved for First-Line Treatment of Advanced or Metastatic HER2+ GI Cancers
  161. Amgen Wins Approval for Pathbreaking Lung Cancer Drug
  162. Higher Drug Costs, Less Choice: How PBMs Affect Americans’ Healthcare
  163. Drugs A-Z List & Drugs & Medications A-Z
  164. Drugs of Abuse.
  165. Drug Side Effects
  166. Drug Interactions & Side-effects Chart
  167. Drug-Food Interaction
  168. Drug and Medication Side Effects
  169. Drug Innovation: When Patents Work
  170. Drug Compounding: Cause and Cure for High Drug Prices.
  171. Drug Shortages Continue to Pose Patient Safety Risks and Challenge Providers, According to Survey.
  172. Drug Bill Demonstrates Lobby's Pull
  173. Drugs, Brains, and Behavior: The Science of Addiction.
  174. Drug Use and Viral Infections (HIV, Hepatitis).
  175. Drug Compound Stops Cancer Cells from Spreading in Mice.
  176. Drug & Pain Medication Facts.
  177. Drugs for COVID-19 Treatments
  178. Drugs for Alzheimer's Disease: Are They Effective?
  179. Drugs for Alzheimer's Disease: Current and in Development
  180. Drugs Used to Treat Erectile Dysfunction
  181. Drugs and Medicine Made from Plants
  182. Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA): Restrictions on Bringing Controlled Substances into the U.S.
  183. Drugs Could One Day Treat Nearsightedness, Reveals Gene Study.
  184. Drug Prices Keep Rising Despite Intense Criticism.
  185. Drug Prices Are Too Damn High - How to Fix Them.
  186. Drug Prices Rise as Pharma Profit Soars.
  187. Drug Pricing | HHS.gov
  188. Drug Costs Top $50K a Year for Half Million Americans
  189. Drug Goes from $13.50 a Tablet to $750, Overnight.
  190. Drug Shortages Still Have Major Impact on Patient Care.
  191. Drug Expiration Dates — Do They Mean Anything?.
  192. Drug Expiration Dates - Are Expired Drugs Still Safe to Take?
  193. Drug Expiry Debate: The Myth and the Reality
  194. Drugs Approved for Different Types of Cancer
  195. Drugs Approved for Stomach (Gastric) Cancer
  196. Drug for Irregular Heartbeat Tied to Worse Outcomes.
  197. Drug Industry: Profits, Research and Development Spending ...
  198. Drugs for Treatment of Abdominal Pain
  199. Drugstores Are Pulling Zantac-like Heartburn Drugs Off the Shelves over Potential Cancer Risk.
  200. New Drug Treatment Options for Diabetes
  201. New Drug Showed Promise Against Alzheimer's Disease
  202. New Drug Approved for Antibiotic-Resistant Lung Disease.
  203. New Drug Could Help Kids With MS.
  204. New Drug Offers Greater Hope for Some Patients with Lung Cancer
  205. New Drug Approvals Hit a High Note in 2020 But Face Uncertainty in 2021
  206. New Study Using Cryo-electron Microscopy Shows How Potential Drugs Could Inhibit Cancer.
  207. New Study Casts More Doubt on Drugs z' Vytorin and Zetia.
  208. New Lung-Cancer Drugs Extend Survival Times
  209. New Cancer Treatments Top $500,000 - Raise Daunting Questions About How to Pay.
  210. New Cancer Drugs Saved over 1.2 Million People in the US
  211. New Cancer Drug Shrinks Tumors, Reduces Side Effects, in Animal Studies | Yale
  212. New Alzheimer's Drug Slightly Slows Cognitive Decline. Experts Say It's Not a Silver Bullet
  213. New Alzheimer's Drug Trial Brings Hope in Fight Against Memory Loss
  214. New Anticancer Drugs Associated with Large Increases in Costs and Life Expectancy
  215. New Treatments for Parkinson’s Disease
  216. New Type 2 Diabetes Medications.
  217. New Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment: Drug List & Progress
  218. New Cholesterol Drugs Are Vastly Overpriced.
  219. New FDA Drug Approvals for 2023
  220. Novel Drug Therapy Kills Pancreatic Cancer Cells by Reducing Levels of Antioxidants.
  221. Oncology/Cancer Medications
  222. A to Z List of Cancer Drugs | National Cancer Institute
  223. Cancer Medications
  224. Cancer Drugs A to Z List - Treatment for Cancer | Cancer Research UK
  225. Cancer Medications | WebMD
  226. Cancer Medications Compared
  227. Cancer Drug Manual
  228. Cancer Drug Pharmacology Table
  229. Cancer Drug Not Only Treats, But Aids in Prevention of Breast Cancer.
  230. Cancer Drug Discovery and Development
  231. Cancer Drug: New Treatment Halts Tumor Growth | BBC
  232. Cancer Medicines: Value in Context
  233. Breast Cancer Medications
  234. Breast Cancer and Botanical Medicine.
  235. Breast Cancer Chemoprevention: Medicines that Reduce Breast Cancer Risk
  236. Antibiotic May Prevent Breast Cancer Recurrence.
  237. Chemotherapy Medicines
  238. Chemotherapy Drugs for Breast Cancer
  239. Safe Storage and Disposal of Cancer Medications
  240. Targeted Therapy Drug List by Cancer Type
  241. Chemo Drugs Classification – Medicines Brands
  242. Novartis’s New $475,000 Cancer Drug Among Most Expensive Ever
  243. List of Drugs by Year of Discovery.
  244. List of Cancer Chemotherapy Drugs
  245. Types of Drugs Used in Cancer Treatment
  246. An Open Access Database of Licensed Cancer Drugs
  247. A View on Drug Resistance in Cancer
  248. Manufacturing of Cytotoxic and Non-Cytotoxic Drugs in a Multiproduct Facility - Baxter Cyto NonCyto Whitepaper
  249. Classification of Snticancer Drugs - A New system Based on Therapeutic Targets
  250. Pharmacology Notes: Anticancer Drugs
  251. Anti-Cancer Drugs
  252. Anticancer Drugs Approved by the US Food and Drug Administration from 2009 to 2020 According to Their Mechanism of Action
  253. Is an Anticancer Drug Helping Cancer to Spread?
  254. Help Paying for Cancer Prescription Drugs.
  255. The Most Successful Cancer Drugs
  256. The Most Expensive Prescription Drugs in the World.
  257. Most Adults Shouldn't Take Daily Aspirin to Prevent Heart Attack
  258. Most Effective Hepatitis C Medications
  259. Most Dangerous Prescription Medications
  260. Most Popular Articles: Anti-Cancer Drugs | LWW Journals
  261. Most Expensive Drugs in the US
  262. Most Expensive Drugs in the US: Price Comparison with the UK.
  263. Most Expensive Cancer Drugs in India
  264. Most Expensive Drug, a Breast Cancer Treatment in the World's
  265. Expensive Cancer Drugs: A Comparison Between the U.S. and the U.K.
  266. Expensive Cancer Drugs.
  267. Do Prescription Drugs Really Have to Be So Expensive?
  268. The True Story of America's Sky-High Prescription Drug Prices
  269. Insights into the Increasing Costs of Cancer Drugs.
  270. The Cost of Expensive Breast Cancer Drugs.
  271. Breast Cancer Medications - Prices for Brand and Generic Breast Cancer Drugs
  272. Managing Cancer Medication
  273. Improving Affordability of New Essential Cancer Medicines
  274. Recent Developments in Cancer Treatment: A Review
  275. Addressing Challenges in Access to Oncology Medicines
  276. Zynlonta Approved for Relapsed or Refractory Large B-Cell Lymphomas
  277. Trump Administration Announces Historic Action to Lower
  278. Trump Holds Prescription Drug-Pricing Order in Search of Deal
  279. Trump Plan to Lower Drug Prices Could Increase Costs for Some Patients.
  280. Lowering Drug Prices Fact Sheet - CMS
  281. Prescription Drugs: Spending, Use, and Prices
  282. Prescription Drug Affordability Among Medicare Beneficiaries
  283. Prescription Drug Abuse | National Institute on Drug Abuse
  284. Prescription Drug Abuse | American College of Physicians.
  285. Prescription Drug Abuse Facts and Statistics.
  286. Prescription Drug Prices Headed for Double-Digit Increases
  287. Prescription Drug Spending in the U.S. Health Care System
  288. Prescription Drug Side Effects, Medication Symptoms
  289. Prescription Drugs, OTC Meds and Dietary Supplements Lead to Increased Rates of Liver Injury.
  290. Prescription Drug Prices Top Public’s Health Care Priorities
  291. Prescription Drug Prices in the United States
  292. Prescription Drug Prices in the United States Are 2.56 Times Those in Other Countries
  293. Prescription Drug Prices Are Soaring and Americans Are Struggling to Pay
  294. Prescription Drugs May Cost More With Insurance Than Without It
  295. Prescription Drug Spending: Why Is the U.S. an Outlier?
  296. "Prescription Stimulants' Effects on Healthy Inhibitory Control, Workin" by Irena Ilieva, Cayce J. Hook et al.
  297. A Prescription for Excessive Drug Pricing: Leveraging Government Patent Use for Health
  298. A Primer on the CPI Prescription Drug Index | The White House
  299. Paying for Prescription Drugs Around the World
  300. Over-the-Counter Drugs That Can Kill You
  301. Over-the-Counter Medicines DrugFacts
  302. FastStats - Therapeutic Drug Use | CDC
  303. Some Medicines and Driving Don't Mix | FDA
  304. Overview of the FDA's Drug-Recall Process
  305. Rx Drug Abuse: An Overview
  306. Modern Medicine: Infectious Diseases, Timelines, and Challenges.
  307. Selectively Disclosing Actual Generic Drug Prices Would Save ...
  308. Drugmakers Master Rolling Out Their Own Generics to Stifle Competition
  309. A Painful Pill to Swallow: US vs. International ...
  310. Should I Take Nootropics? Facts & Opinions About Smart Drugs
  311. Nootropics, or 'Smart Drugs,' Are Gaining Popularity. Should You Take Them?
  312. Smart Drugs and Synthetic Androgens for Cognitive and Physical Enhancement: Revolving Doors of Cosmetic Neurology
  313. Illicit Use of Specific Prescription Stimulants Among College Students: Prevalence, Motives, and Routes of Administration
  314. America's First Amphetamine Epidemic 1929–1971.
  315. First Peanut Allergy Drug Approved in the US.
  316. Allergy Medications: Know Your Options
  317. Biology & Medicine (Blog)
  318. Current Epilepsy Treatment and New Medications
  319. The Best Sleeping Pills
  320. Best Drugs to Treat High Blood Pressure
  321. Best Medication for Ulcers: Types, Benefits, and Risks
  322. Best Cold Medications for High Blood Pressure Patients
  323. Best Cold Medicine for High Blood Pressure
  324. Best Flu Medicines and Treatments (Influenza)
  325. Cough Medicine Might Be Too Dangerous for Children Under 4.
  326. Anti-Diarrheal Medicines
  327. Erectile Dysfunction: Viagra and other Oral Medications
  328. Is Marijuana Safe and Effective as Medicine?
  329. The Abortion Pill - Get the Facts About Medication Abortion
  330. Primary Prevention of Ulcers in Patients Taking Aspirin
  331. Low-dose Aspirin Linked to Higher Anemia Risk for Seniors in Study
  332. Researchers Urge: 'Prescribe Aspirin Based on Benefit-to-Risk not Age'
  333. Acid-NSAID/Aspirin Interaction in Peptic Ulcer Disease
  334. Prophylactic Aspirin in Patients Who Develop Peptic Ulcers
  335. Coated vs. Uncoated Aspirin.
  336. An Aspirin a Day ... or Not?
  337. Aspirin: Health Benefits, Uses, and Risks
  338. Aspirin's Health Benefits Under Scrutiny
  339. Aspirin 'Safe' for Brain-Bleed Strokes.
  340. Aspirin and Heart Disease.
  341. Aspirin Dosing in Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes: Insights From Adaptable
  342. Daily Aspirin Is Not for Everyone.
  343. Daily Aspirin: Benefits and Risks.
  344. Daily Aspirin Slows Cognitive Decline.
  345. Daily Aspirin to Prevent Heart Disease and Stroke No Longer Recommended for People 60 and Older
  346. Is Taking Aspirin Good for Your Heart? | Johns Hopkins
  347. Taking Aspirin to Prevent Heart Attack May Cause More Harm than Good
  348. Taking Aspirin at Night May Boost Heart Benefits.
  349. The Benefits and Risks of Aspirin
  350. The Benefits of Low-Dose Aspirin.
  351. The Effects of Aspirin and Acetaminophen on the Stomach
  352. Gastrointestinal Ulcers, Role of Aspirin, and Clinical Outcomes
  353. Low-Dose Aspirin Linked to Higher Anemia Risk for Seniors in Study
  354. Does Aspirin for Acne Work?, and How to Use It
  355. Should People with Diabetes Take Aspirin?
  356. Should People With Diabetes Take Aspirin? What Doctors Say
  357. Is Ibuprofen Safe? (video)
  358. Is Tylenol Safe? (video)
  359. Centrum Silver Plays Key Role in Health Study on Multivitamins
  360. Chinese Food Bean May Protect Against Sepsis.
  361. Types of Blood Pressure Medications
  362. Are Prescription Drug Prices Going Down?.
  363. Generic Medication Prices - True Cost of Heathcare.
  364. Cost Gap Widens Between Brand-name, Generic Drugs.
  365. Cost of Generics in US Varies Based on Residency.
  366. The High Cost of Prescription Drugs: Causes and Solutions
  367. Paying the Price - The High Cost of Prescription Drugs for Uninsured Americans
  368. Costly Medicines - The Global Battle over High Drug Prices ...
  369. The Fall and Rise and Fall of Generic Drug Prices.
  370. The Impact of Rising Generic Drug Prices on the U.S.
  371. Generic Lipitor Recall
  372. Generic Retail Drug Pricing and States
  373. Generic Drug Facts | FDA
  374. Generic Drugs and Low-Cost Prescriptions
  375. Generic Drugs: The Same Medicine for Less Money
  376. Generic Drugs: Answers to Common Questions
  377. Same Generic Drug, Many Prices.
  378. Some Generic Drugs See Huge Price Increases.
  379. Price-Fixing Case Reveals Vulnerability of Generic Drug
  380. Top Medications for Diabetes
  381. Metoprolol Tartrate vs. Metoprolol Succinate ER.
  382. Metoprolol vs Atenolol: Main Differences and Similarities.
  383. Metoprolol Tartrate Uses, Side Effects & Warnings.
  384. Lopressor (Metoprolol Tartrate) Tablet.
  385. Fed Study of Metoprolol Tartrate Tablets 25 mg and Lopressor.
  386. Potential New Treatment for Osteoarthritis
  387. Rural Pharmacy and Prescription Drugs Overview.
  388. More People Are Dying from Drugs in Urban Areas than in Rural Areas.
  389. The Bizarre World of Drug Pricing.
  390. Is There a Cure for High Drug Prices?.
  391. Comprehensive Reform to Lower Prescription Drug Prices.
  392. The High Cost of Prescription Drugs in the United States Origins and Prospects for Reform.
  393. Study: Few Stroke Patients Get Clot-Busting Drug.
  394. Torrent Pharmaceuticals Limited Issues Voluntary Nationwide Recall of Losartan Potassium Tablets, USP and Losartan Potassium and Hydrochlorothiazide Tablets, USP.
  395. Recall on Blood Pressure Medications Expanded to Include All Lots Due to Cancer Concern.
  396. ‘Rapid Release’ Tylenol Gelcaps Are Slower To Dissolve Than Cheaper Tablets, Study Finds.
  397. Truxima Approved as First Biosimilar to Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Drug.
  398. First Drug Approved for Rare Eye Disease.
  399. China Agrees to Tougher Stance on Fentanyl-Like Substances.
  400. U.S. Deaths from Suicide, Drugs Surpass Diabetes.
  401. Weight Loss Medications
  402. Safe Use of Medicines for Older Adults.
  403. Vitrakvi Approved for Cancers with Certain Genetic Trait.
  404. HPV Vaccine Approved for People Through Age 45.
  405. More Drivers Killed Under the Influence of Drugs Than Alcohol.
  406. Thousands More Women Could Survive Childbirth With New Haemorrhage-Preventing Drug.
  407. Warfarin Safe for Kidney Patients with Irregular Heartbeat.
  408. Esophageal Ulcers Caused by Medication Are Dangerous?
  409. Types of Drugs.
  410. Managing Common Drug Side Effects
  411. Managing and Monitoring Side Effects and Toxicities of Anti-TB therapy
  412. The Side Effects of Common Psychiatric Drugs
  413. Psychotropic Medication Side Effects
  414. Psychiatric Medication: Uses, Side Effects, and Practices
  415. Antipsychotic Side-Effect Checklist - Overview
  416. Understanding Side Effects of Drug Therapy
  417. Common Diabetes Meds May Raise Odds for Amputation.
  418. Common Drug Interactions
  419. Common Drug Classes, Drug-Nutrient Depletions, & Drug-Nutrient Interactions
  420. Common Drug Side Effects: Types & FDA Regulations
  421. Commonly Used Reflux, Ulcer Medication May Cause Serious Kidney Damage.
  422. Side Effects of Drugs, Medical Devices & High-Risk Medical Conditions
  423. Forms of Drug Abuse and Their Effects
  424. CVS Eye Drops, Ointments Added to Nationwide Recall for Sterility Issues
  425. Infants Prescribed Antacids Have Increased Risk of Fractures During Childhood.
  426. Widely Used Heartburn Drugs Tied to Dementia Risk.
  427. Do Heartburn Medications Really Cause Dementia?.
  428. Scary Side Effect of Heartburn Meds.
  429. Popular Heartburn Drugs Linked to Higher Early Death Risk.
  430. Popular Heartburn Drugs Linked to Kidney Damage.
  431. Popular Heartburn Medication May Increase Ischemic Stroke Risk.
  432. Avoiding Over-the-Counter Heartburn Medications Could Save Cancer Patients' Lives.
  433. Proton Pump Inhibitors May Be Associated With Increased Risk of Dementia.
  434. Is Tylenol Use During Pregnancy Linked with Kids’ Behavioral Problems?.
  435. Acetaminophen Use During Pregnancy Linked to Child Behavior Problems.
  436. Warfarin Side Effects: Watch for Interactions
  437. Is There a Cure for High Drug Prices?.
  438. Dealmakers Behind Soaring Drug Prices Hit the Jackpot.
  439. EpiPen Cost Soars, But It's Not the Only Drug to ...
  440. Mylan Price Hikes on Many Other Drugs Eclipsed EpiPen Increases.
  441. Buying Drugs Online Can Be Very Risky.
  442. Think It Through: Managing the Benefits and Risks of Medicines.
  443. As Drug Industry’s Influence Over Research Grows, So Does the Potential for Bias.
  444. Procedures for Determining Conflict of Interest and Eligibility for Participation in FDA Advisory Committees.
  445. Can Drug Research Be Trusted?
  446. Can Most Cancer Research Be Trusted?
  447. Erectile Dysfunction Tied to Long Term Painkiller Use
  448. Contaminated Ink Causes Tattoo Infection Outbreak
  449. Drugmakers Go Furthest to Sway Congress
  450. Wigmore on Nicotine and Its Drug Delivery Systems. The Medicolegal Aspects of Our most Addictive and Dangerous Legal Drug
  451. The Beginnings of Drug Therapy: Ancient Mesopotamian Medicine.
  452. Reports Show U.S. Consumers Pay More for Drugs.
  453. If Only People Took Their Medicines, We'd Save Billions.
  454. PCC for Warfarin Reversal Does Not Reduce Mortality Compared to FFP
  455. Are Medical Marijuana Dispensaries Related to Crime?.
  456. Olmesartan Medoxomil Linked to Serious GI Illness.
  457. GAO Report - Generic Drugs Under Medicare - Part D Generic Drug Prices Declined Overall, but Some Had Extraordinary Price Increases.
  458. Rx R&D Myths: The Case Against The Drug Industry’s R&D “Scare Card”.
  459. Trends in Hospital Inpatient Drug Costs: Issues and Challenges
  460. The Complex Math Behind Spiraling Prescription Drug Prices.
  461. Is There a Cure for High Drug Prices?.
  462. US Drugmaker Doubled Price on Potential Coronavirus Treatment
  463. Amid Coronavirus, a Drugmaker Rescinds its Chloroquine Price
  464. Big Pharma's Go-To Defense of Soaring Drug
  465. Another Drug Company That Raises Prices Like Crazy.
  466. The Man Behind the Curtain in Drug Price Increases.
  467. Expensive Cancer Drugs: A Comparison Between the United States and the United Kingdom
  468. Cost-Effectiveness of Cancer Drugs: Comparative Analysis of the United States and England
  469. The Imperative of Addressing Cancer Drug Costs and Value
  470. On the Issues: Fighting to Lower Prescription Drug Prices.
  471. The Fact About Rising Prescription Drug Costs.
  472. The Out-of-Pocket Cost Burden for Specialty Drugs in Medicare Part D
  473. FDA Approves Most Expensive Drug Ever, a $3.5 Million-per-Dose Gene Therapy for Hemophilia B
  474. Facts About Prescription Drug Abuse.
  475. Bayer Warned by FDA over Birth Control Pill Production.
  476. Baxter Recalls One Lot of Dialysis Solution.
  477. Pfizer Issues a Voluntary Nationwide Recall for Twelve Lots of CHANTIX® (Varenicline) Tablets Due to N-Nitroso Varenicline Content.
  478. Recall of Acetylcysteine Inhalation Solution
  479. Long-term Use of Antibiotics and Risk of Colorectal Adenoma.
  480. Myths vs. Facts: Prescription Drugs.
  481. Zolgensma from Novartis Is the Most Expensive Drug Ever.
  482. Heart, Mini-Stroke Risks from Asthma Drug
  483. Sources of Drugs
  484. National List of Essential Medicines - Nepal
  485. Herbal Medicine: Current Status and the Future
  486. Traditional Medicine for Modern Times: Facts and Figures
  487. The Traditional Medicine and Modern Medicine from Natural Products
  488. Penicillin, Lovastatin, and Cyclosporine: Medicines from Fungi
  489. Some Antibiotics May Slightly Increase Colon Cancer Risk.
  490. The Absurdly High Cost of Insulin.
  491. The Success of Natural Products in Drug Discovery
  492. Access to Medicines: Making Market Forces Serve the Poor
  493. The Life-Saving Medicines Inspired by Animals
  494. Ancient Medicines and Procedures
  495. National Drug Threat Assessment.
  496. National Survey on Drug Use and Health.
  497. U.S. Overdose Deaths Set Record.
  498. Drug-Involved Infant Deaths in the United States, 2015–2017
  499. The Global Use of Medicine in 2019 and Outlook to 2023
  500. The World Medicines Situation.
  501. The Danger in Taking Prescribed Medications
  502. Oxycontin Uses, Side Effects & Warnings
  503. Coricidin HBP Cold and Flu Uses, Side Effects & Warnings
  504. Coricidin HBP Maximum Strength Flu Uses, Side Effects & Warnings
  505. Coricidin HBP Cough snd Cold Oral Reviews and User Ratings: Effectiveness, Ease of Use, and Satisfaction
  506. Coricidin HBP Cold & Flu Alternatives Compared
  507. Cold Medicine for High Blood Pressure: Ingredients to Avoid
  508. High Blood Pressure and Cold Remedies: Which Are Safe?
  509. Does the Cough Medication Coricidin HBP Keep Your Heart from Racing?
  510. All About Multi-Symptom Cold and Flu Medications
  511. Avoid These Cold Medicines If You Have Heart Disease
  512. A Drug's Most Dangerous Side Effects Often Aren't Discovered Until It's on the Market
  513. 3 Myths About Cholesterol-Lowering Statin Drugs
  514. 3 Top New Cancer Drugs.
  515. 4 Dangerous Classes of Prescription Drugs
  516. 4 Known Medicines with Roots in the Amazon Rainforest
  517. 4 Best OTC Medicines for Mild COVID-19 Symptoms
  518. 5 Top Generic Drug Makers.
  519. 5 Most Expensive Drugs in the United States.
  520. 5 Stupendously Expensive Cancer Drugs
  521. 5 Surprising Uses for Aspirin.
  522. 5 Medications to Lower LDL Cholesterol Levels.
  523. 5 Osteoporosis Drugs: Safe or Dangerous?
  524. 5 Common Medications That Can Kill People
  525. 5 Common Medications That Can Have Serious Side Effects
  526. 5 Reasons Prescription Drug Prices Are So High in the U.S.
  527. 6 Reasons Drug Prices Are So High in the U.S.
  528. 6 Reasons for Expensive Prescription Drugs.
  529. 7 Deadliest Drug Combinations
  530. 9 Famous Examples of Drugs That Came from Plants
  531. 9 Things You Need to Know About the New COVID-19 Pill
  532. 9 Medications and Pills for Stomach Pain
  533. 9 Medications You Should Never Stop Taking Abruptly
  534. 10 Common Prescription Drugs & Their Potential Side Effects
  535. 10 Most Important Drugs.
  536. 10 Most Expensive Specialty Drugs.
  537. 10 Most Expensive Drugs in the US, Period
  538. 10 Most Expensive Drugs in the U.S.
  539. 10 Worst Medications for Your Kidneys
  540. 10 Worst Medications for Your Liver
  541. 10 FAQs on Prescription Drug Importation
  542. 10 Truths About Statins and High Cholesterol.
  543. 10 Top Things CDC Says of Prescription Drug Abuse.
  544. 10 Ways to Save Money on Your Medication Costs.
  545. 10 Scariest Prescription Drug Side Effects
  546. 10 Essential Facts About Medicare and Prescription Drug Spending
  547. 10 of the Most Expensive Drugs in the U.S.
  548. 11 Common Medications You Can Get Over the Counter
  549. 11 Facts About Prescription Drug Abuse on College Campuses.
  550. 12 Non-Drug Remedies for Depression.
  551. 13 Things to Know About Paxlovid, the Latest COVID-19 Pill
  552. 15 Most Addictive Prescription Medications
  553. 20 Most Expensive Prescription Drugs in the USA.
  554. 20 Most Expensive Drugs in the US (2019).
  555. 20 Most Dangerous Drugs
  556. 20 Craziest Side Effects of Common Drugs
  557. 22 Most Dangerous FDA Approved Drugs
  558. 25 Most Dangerous Drugs
  559. 30 Best Nootropics (Smart Drugs, Brain Boosters) - Are They Clinically Proven?
  560. 47 High Cholesterol Medications (Compared).
  561. 50 Most Dangerous Drugs
  562. 200 Top Drugs to Memorize in Your Daily Clinical Practice
  563. 200 Top Comprehensive Prescribed Drugs in the US as a Resource for Pharmacy Teaching, Training and Practice | NIH/PMC
▷ History, Guide & Tips
  1. A Short History of Pills.
  2. A Brief History of the Birth Control Pill.
  3. A History of the FDA and Drug Regulation in the US
  4. History of Prescription Drugs.
  5. History of Medicine | Wikipedia
  6. History of Medicine - History & Facts
  7. History of Painkillers - Morphine, Codeine, Opium...
  8. History of Medicare & Medicaid Services.
  9. The History of Medicine.
  10. The History of Prescription Drugs.
  11. The History of Antibiotics.
  12. The History of Vaccines and Immunization
  13. The History of OxyContin - Treatment Solutions.
  14. The History of Opiates.
  15. The History of the Antidepressant Prozac.
  16. Timeline of Medicine and Medical Technology
  17. Tramadol Facts and Valium Facts History and Statistics - Dangers and Legality.
  18. Methamphetamine Overview: Origin and History.
  19. Relyvrio (Sodium Phenylbutyrate and Taurursodiol) FDA Approval History
  20. Heroin Facts and History.
  21. Prescription Drug Abuse History.
  22. FDA Issues Guidance on Importing Drugs from Canada
  23. Medication Guides | FDA
  24. Drugs & Conditions Guides
  25. Drug Info Rounds Video: Medication Guides
  26. Guidance Medication Guides — Distribution Requirements and Inclusion in Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies
  27. Use of Opioids for Adults With Pain from Cancer or Cancer Treatment: ASCO Guideline
  28. Prescription Medication Guide and Tips
  29. Guideline for Safe Disposal of Expired and Unwanted Pharmaceuticals
  30. Osteoporosis Medication and Medication Guidelines
  31. Conflicting Statin Guidelines Leave Millions in 'Gray Zone'.
  32. Bipolar Medication Guide
  33. Medical Guidelines Say Daily Aspirin Is Too Risk for Most Healthy People.
  34. Aspirin: Making Sense of Changing Guidelines
  35. A Guide to Cholesterol Medication.
  36. A Guide to Taking Expired Medications.
  37. Remdesivir - COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines | NIH
  38. The Race for Coronavirus Vaccines: a Graphical Guide
  39. Prescription Medication Safe Use Tips.
  40. Tips for Preventing Expired Drugs and Medical Materials
  41. Prescriptions: Quick Tips
  42. Pharmacy and Medication Tips
  43. Medical Prescription Tips for Parents and Caregivers.
  44. Tips for Slashing Prescription Drug Costs.
  45. Quick Tips for Buying Medicines Over the Internet
  46. Over-the-Counter, Prescription Medication Safety
  47. Using Genes to Guide Prescriptions
  48. 5 Tips for Traveling to the U.S. With Medications | FDA
  49. 5 Helpful Tips to Consider Before You Get Prescriptions Online
  50. 5 Tips to Help Patients Save Money on Prescriptions.
  51. 10 Tips for Using Prescription Drugs Safely
▷ Food & Drug Administration (FDA) - Reviews & Approvals
  1. FDA Generic Drugs Reports: 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 |
  2. FDA-Novel Drug Approvals for: 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 |
  3. FDA-Approved Drugs: A-Z
  4. FDA Drug Approvals and Databases
  5. FDA Approved Drugs Search | CenterWatch
  6. FDA Drug Shortages Information
  7. FDA Drug Safety and Availability
  8. FDA Drug Safety Communications
  9. FDA Drug Recalls
  10. FDA Panel Recommends Molnupiravir, First Pill for COVID-19
  11. FDA Approves Rybrevant for Advanced NSCLC with EGFR Mutations.
  12. FDA Approves $2M Medicine, Most Expensive Ever.
  13. FDA Approves Relyvrio (sodium phenylbutyrate/taurursodiol) for Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
  14. FDA Approves Implant for Opioid Dependence.
  15. FDA Approves Imaging Agent to Detect Prostate Cancer.
  16. FDA Approves for Adults, Children with Hemophilia A.
  17. FDA Approves XSTAT to Control Bleeding from Battlefield Wounds.
  18. FDA Approves Otezla to Treat Psoriatic Arthritis.
  19. FDA Approves $2M Medicine, Most Expensive Ever.
  20. FDA Approves First Generic Version of Epipen.
  21. FDA Approves First Drug-Eluting Stent to Treat Peripheral Arterial Disease
  22. FDA Approves Pfizer’s XELJANZ® (tofacitinib) for the Treatment of Active Ankylosing Spondylitis
  23. FDA Approves Pump for Heart Failure Patients Awaiting Heart Transplant
  24. FDA Approves First Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Manufactured Using Cell Culture Technology
  25. FDA Expands Use of Xarelto to Treat, Reduce Recurrence of Blood Clots
  26. FDA Warned on Three Zicam Intranasal Zinc Products.
  27. FDA Warns: Swine Flu Scams Lurk on the Internet.
  28. FDA Warned on Risks Associated with 4 Asthma Inhalers.
  29. FDA Warns of Common Diabetes Meds' Link to Dangerous Genital Infection.
  30. FDA Updates On Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker Recalls, Including Valsartan, Losartan Irbesartan
  31. FDA Updates on Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker Recalls - Valsartan, Losartan and Irbesartan.
  32. Drug Trend Reports: 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 |
  33. Federal Judge Enters Consent Decree Against Minnesota Dairy Farm for Drug Residue Violations
  34. COVID-19 Vaccines | FDA
  35. Analysis of FDA Approved Anticancer Drugs Reveals the Future of Cancer Therapy
  36. Drug Alerts and Statements
  37. Prescription Drugs: Spending, Use, and Prices | Congressional Budget Office (cbo.gov)
  38. P&G Is Warned by the FDA over Vitamin C in NyQuil.
  39. New Oncology Drug Approvals in 2020
  40. New Drugs FDA Approvals in 2019.
  41. New Cancer Drug Approvals Review in 2019
  42. New Drug Therapy Approvals in 2018 | FDA
  43. 19 New Cancer Drugs and Biologics Approved by FDA in 2018.
  44. 20 Cancer Drugs Approved by FDA in 2020
▷ FDA Drugs Approved for Cancers
  1. Drugs approved for different types of cancer:
  2. Drugs approved for childhood cancers:
▷ Drug Recalls & Warnings
  1. Accutane (Warning)
  2. Actos (Warning)
  3. Alleve (Warning)
  4. Alloderm (Warning)
  5. Antidepressants (Warning)
  6. Avandia (Warning)
  7. Bextra (Warning)
  8. Celebrex (Warning)
  9. Celexa/Citalopram (Warning)
  10. Chantix (Warning)
  11. Coumadin Crystalline (Recall)
  12. Darvocet (Recall)
  13. Darvon/Dextropropoxyphene
  14. Darvocet (Recall)
  15. Denture Creams (Warning)
  16. Depakote (Recall)
  17. Duragesic Fentanyl Patches
  18. Effexor/Venlafaxine (Warning)
  19. Fen-Phen (Recall)
  20. Fosamax (Warning)
  21. Gadolinium (Recall)
  22. Heparin (Recall)
  23. Hydroxycut (Recall)
  24. Hylenex (Recall)
  25. Ketek (Warnings)
  26. Koff & Kold - Kold Sore (R)
  27. Lexapro (Warning)
  28. Levaquin (Warning)
  29. Meridia/Sibutramine
  30. Metronidazole (Recall)
  31. Multaq (Warning)
  32. Mylanta (Warning)
  33. Paxil/Paroxetine (Warning)
  34. Prempro (Warning)
  35. Propofol (Recall)
  36. Prozac (Warning)
  37. Raptiva (Warning)
  38. Reglan (Warning)
  39. Rezulin (Warning)
  40. Risperdal (Warning)
  41. Singulair (Warning)
  42. Topamax (Warning)
  43. Tylenol 8 Hour Caplets (R)
  44. Infants’ Tylenol (Recall)
  45. Vioxx (Recall)
  46. Warfarin Sodium
  47. (Recall)
  48. Zyban/Varenicline (Warning)
  49. Zicam (Recall)
  50. Zoloft (Warning)
  51. Yasmin (Warning)
  52. Yaz (Warning)
  53. Zelnorm (Recall)
  54. Drug Approvals/Databases
▷ How, Who, What, When, Where, Which & Why
  1. How to Buy Medicines Safely from an Online Pharmacy | FDA
  2. How to Buy and Use Medicine
  3. How to Save Money on Prescription Drugs.
  4. How to Save Money on Prescription Drugs. | WebMD.
  5. How to Save Money on Medications and Avoid Prescription Errors.
  6. How to Keep Expired Drugs from Seniors.
  7. How to Screen Prescriptions for Accuracy and Completeness
  8. How to Stop Immoral Drug Price Increases.
  9. How to Beat the Rising Cost of Prescription Drugs
  10. How to Read My Prescription
  11. How Bad Is It to Drink on Antibiotics?.
  12. How Risky Are Prescription Heartburn Meds?.
  13. How the Body Absorbs and Uses Medicine (video)
  14. How the Drugs That Treat Cancer Work.
  15. How Medicines Work
  16. How Do High Blood Pressure Medications Work?
  17. How Do Prescription Drug Costs in the United States Compare to Other Countries?
  18. How Effective for Common Medications
  19. How Expired Are 'Expired Drugs' ...
  20. How Does Tamiflu (Oseltamivir) Work?
  21. How Does Chemo Work? - Types of Chemotherapy
  22. How the Not-for-Profit Civica Rx Will Disrupt the Generic Drug
  23. How New Drugs Helping Millions of Americans Live Longer Are Also Making Them Go Broke.
  24. How We Break the Cycle of Outrageous Drug-price Increases.
  25. How Valeant Is Justifying Its New Kinder, Gentler Drug Price Hikes.
  26. How PBMs Are Driving Up Prescription Drug Costs
  27. How Long Does Xtandi Work?
  28. How Long Do You Take Zytiga for?
  29. What to Expect Oral Chemotherapy.
  30. What to Know About Cold Medicine for Hypertension
  31. What You Need to Know About Cold and Flu Medicines for People with High Blood Pressure?
  32. What Medicines Do.
  33. What Medications Cause Stomach Pain?
  34. What Cold and Flu Medications Are Safe With High Blood Pressure?
  35. What Mylan’s EpiPen Cost Scandal Says About the Drug Price Problem.
  36. What Branded Generics Are and Why They're Profitable ...
  37. What Type of Prostate Cancer Is Erleada Used to Treat?
  38. What Is Behind the Sharp Rise in Prescription Drug Prices?.
  39. What Is the Difference Between Brand and Generic Drugs?.
  40. What Is the Difference Between Yonsa and Zytiga?.
  41. What Is the Best Cough Medicine?
  42. What Is Pfizer’s COVID-19 Pill? Does It Stop COVID Symptoms?
  43. What Is the Connection Between Tylenol and Autism?
  44. What Is the Most Dangerous Drug?
  45. What Are the New Drugs for Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)?
  46. What Are the Top 10 Medications for Anxiety? - Best Antianxiety Meds
  47. What Are Some of the Most Common Medications in the US?
  48. What Are Prescription Sleeping Pills Right for You?
  49. Whar Are the Most Common Blood Pressure Medications?
  50. What Are the Issues - Financing Drug Research?
  51. What Are Prescription Medication Guides?
  52. What Are Nootropics (Smart Drugs)?
  53. What Does a Drug Cost? It Depends on Where You Live
  54. What Does a Medicine’s Expiration Date Mean?.
  55. What We Know About Health Risks of Tylenol, Generics - Is Acetaminophen Safe?
  56. What We Know About the Antiviral's Effectiveness, Eligibility and Cost of Merck's COVID Pill
  57. What You Should Know About the COVID-19 Pill
  58. What You Should Know About Drug Interactions
  59. When Insurers Don't Cover Drugs, Prescriptions Often Go Unfilled
  60. Where Did the Rx Symbol Come from?.
  61. Where Drug Names Come from?
  62. Which Medicines Lower 'Bad' (LDL) Cholesterol?
  63. Which Medications Should You Take for COVID?
  64. Which Over-the-Counter Medications Are Best for Coronavirus Symptoms? | UChicago Medicine
  65. Which Drugs Work Best for Early Parkinson's Disease?
  66. Which Cold Medicine for High Blood Pressure?
  67. Who Could Be Helped by New Cancer Drug — and When
  68. Why Does Medicine Cost So Much?.
  69. Why Does My Medicine Cost More?
  70. Why Does Medicine Cost So Much?
  71. Why Do Your Prescription Drugs Cost So Much?
  72. Why Do Americans Pay So Much for Prescription Drugs?
  73. Why Do Americans Pay More for Prescription Drugs?
  74. Why Some Medicare Part D Prescriptions Cost More Than Others
  75. Why Prescription Drugs Cost So Much.
  76. Why Prescription Drugs in the US Cost so Much.
  77. Why Prescription Drugs Cost So Much more in America.
  78. Why Drugs Are So Expensive in America. (video)
  79. Why Drug Prices Rise Even When There's Plenty of Competition.
  80. Why Generic Drugs Don't Necessarily Mean Lower Prices.
  81. Why the United States Has the Highest Drug Prices in the World.
  82. Why the U.S. Has Higher Drug Prices Than Other Countries.
  83. Why Some Prescription Drugs Are So Expensive.
  84. Why Are U.S. Prescription Drug Prices So High.
  85. Why Are Prescription Drugs So Expensive in the United States?.
  86. Why Are Prescription Drugs So Much More Expensive in the US?.
  87. Why Are Prescription Drugs More Expensive in the U.S. than in Other Countries?
  88. Why Are Meds So Expensive in the US?.
  89. Why Are Cancer Medicines Expensive?.
  90. Why Are Brand-name Medications More Expensive
  91. Why Are Cancer Drugs So Expensive in the US?.
  92. What Are the Recent and Forecasted Trends in Prescription Drug Spending?
  93. Why Is Medicine So Expensive?
  94. Why Is Zolgensma So Expensive?.
  95. Why New Cancer Drugs Take So Long to Reach the Market.
  96. Why We Need New Drugs, and Where They Might Come from.
  97. Why You Should Read Medication Guides.
  98. Why Prescription Medicines Are Unaffordable for Many People


Vaccines

Vaccination, the most effective method of preventing infectious diseases, is the administration of a vaccine to help the immune system develop protection from a disease. Vaccines contain a microorganism or virus in a weakened, live or killed state, or proteins or toxins from the organism. In stimulating the body's adaptive immunity, they help prevent sickness from an infectious disease. Vaccination can prevent certain deadly diseases in infants, children, teens, adults and travelers of all ages, as of today, there are about 50 different types of popular vaccines.

  • Adacel: Protects against tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis (whooping cough).
  • ADT Booster: Protects against tetanus and diphtheria.
  • Adenovirus: Prevents healthcare-associated outbreaks of adenovirus infections, such as epidemic keratoconjunctivitis.
  • Anthrax, including AVA (BioThrax),: Protects people from anthrax, and prevents anthrax from developing in people who have been exposed to the bacteria but have not developed symptoms
  • Avaxim: Protects against hepatitis A.
  • BCG Vaccine SSI: Protects against severe tuberculosis.
  • Bexsero: Protects against meningococcal disease caused by Neisseria meningitidis group B.
  • Boostrix: Protects against tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis (whooping cough).
  • COVID-19 Vaccines: Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna, Johnson & Johnson’s Janssen, mRNA, and Viral Vector: Protects against COVID-19 virus.
  • Cholera, including Vaxchora, reduces the chance of severe diarrhea in people by 90% at 10 days after vaccination and by 80% at 3 months after vaccination.
  • Diphtheria, including DTaP (Daptacel, Infanrix), Td (Tenivac, generic), DT (-generic-), Tdap (Adacel, Boostrix), DTaP-IPV (Kinrix, Quadracel), DTaP-HepB-IPV (Pediarix), and DTaP-IPV/Hib (Pentacel): Protects against diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis.
  • Engerix-B: Protects against hepatitis B.
  • Gardasil 9: Protects against nine types of human papillomavirus.
  • Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), including Hib (ActHIB, PedvaxHIB, Hiberix), DTaP-IPV/Hib (Pentacel): Prevents Hib disease, but not illness from other strains of H. influenzae bacteria.
  • Havrix: Protects against hepatitis A.
  • HBvaxPRO: Protects against hepatitis B.
  • Hepatitis A, including HepA (Havrix, Vaqta) and HepA-HepB (Twinrix),: Protects against hepatitis A.
  • Hepatitis B, including HepB (Engerix-B, Recombivax HB, Heplisav-B), DTaP-HepB-IPV (Pediarix), and HepA-HepB (Twinrix),: Protects against hepatitis B.
  • Hiberix: Protects against Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease.
  • Human Papillomavirus (HPV), including HPV9 (Gardasil 9) (for scientific papers, the preferred abbreviation is 9vHPV),: Protects against cancers caused by HPV infections
  • Infanrix-hexa: Protects against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (whooping cough), polio, hepatitis B and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib).
  • Infanrix-IPV: Protects against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (whooping cough) and polio.
  • Influenza vaccines: Protects against influenza.
  • (Seasonal) Influenza (Flu), including IIV (Afluria, Fluad, Flublok, Flucelvax, FluLaval, Fluarix, Fluvirin, Fluzone, Fluzone High-Dose, Fluzone Intradermal) and LAIV (FluMist),: Protects against influenza.
  • IPOL: Protects against polio.
  • Japanese Encephalitis (JE), including JE (Ixiaro),: Reduces the risk for JE virus, a mosquito-borne flavivirus, for expatriates and travelers who stay for prolonged periods in rural areas in Asia with active JE virus transmission.
  • M-M-R II: Protects against measles, mumps and rubella.
  • Menactra: Protects against meningococcal disease caused by Neisseria meningitidis groups A, C, Y and W (previously called W-135).
  • NeisVac-C: Protects against meningococcal disease caused by Neisseria meningitidis group C.
  • Measles, including MMR (M-M-R II)and MMRV (ProQuad),: Protects against three diseases: measles, mumps, and rubella.
  • Meningococcal, including MenACWY (Menactra, Menveo) and MenB (Bexsero, Trumenba),: Protects against the most common causes of meningococcal disease, but they will not prevent all cases.
  • Mumps, including MMR (M-M-R II) and MMRV (ProQuad),: Protects against three diseases: measles, mumps, and rubella.
  • Nimenrix: Protects against meningococcal disease caused by Neisseria meningitidis groups A, C, Y and W (previously called W-135).
  • Pneumovax23: Protects against pneumococcal disease caused by 23 types of Streptococcus pneumoniae.
  • Prevenar 13: Protects against pneumococcal disease caused by 13 types of Streptococcus pneumoniae.
  • Priorix: Protects against measles, mumps and rubella.
  • Pertussis, including DTaP (Daptacel, Infanrix), Tdap (Adacel, Boostrix), DTaP-IPV (Kinrix, Quadracel), DTaP-HepB-IPV (Pediarix), and DTaP-IPV/Hib (Pentacel),: Protects against diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis, but they will not prevent all cases.
  • Pneumococcal, including PCV13 (Prevnar13) and PPSV23 (Pneumovax 23),: Protects against some of the more than 90 serotypes of pneumococcal bacteria.
  • Polio, including Polio (Ipol), DTaP-IPV (Kinrix, Quadracel), DTaP-HepB-IPV (Pediarix), and DTaP-IPV/Hib (Pentacel),: Reduces the risk for exposure to polioviruses, including children, international travelers, laboratory workers, and healthcare professionals.
  • Rabies, including Rabies (Imovax Rabies, RabAvert),: Reduces the risk for rabies virus, which is a fatal, acute, progressive encephalomyelitis caused by neurotropic Rhabdoviridae or genus Lyssavirus viruses found in a wide variety of animal species throughout the world.
  • Rotavirus, including RV1 (Rotarix) and RV5 (RotaTeq),: Protects against rotavirus disease for a child before he/she is 15 weeks of age.
  • Rotarix: Protects against rotavirus.
  • Rubella, including MMR (M-M-R II) and MMRV (ProQuad),: Protects against three diseases: measles, mumps, and rubella.
  • Shingles, including ZVL (Zostavax) and RZV (Shingrix),: Prevents shingles.
  • Tetanus, including DTaP (Daptacel, Infanrix), Td (Tenivac, generic), DT (-generic-), Tdap (Adacel, Boostrix), DTaP-IPV (Kinrix, Quadracel), DTaP-HepB-IPV (Pediarix), DTaP-IPV/Hib (Pentacel),: protect against diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis, but they will not prevent all cases.
  • Tuberculosis: Protects against Tuberculosis (TB) disease.
  • Typhoid Fever, including Typhoid Oral (Vivotif)and Typhoid Polysaccharide (Typhim Vi),: Reduces the risk for typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever, which are the bacteremic illnesses that have an insidious onset characterized by fever, headache, constipation or diarrhea, malaise, chills, and myalgias.
  • Synflorix: Protects against pneumococcal disease caused by at least 10 types of Streptococcus pneumoniae.
  • Varicella, including VAR (Varivax) and MMRV (ProQuad),: Protect against varicella (chickenpox).
  • Varilrix: Protects against varicella (chickenpox).
  • Varivax: Protects against varicella (chickenpox).
  • Yellow Fever, including YF (YF-Vax),: Reduces the risk for yellow fever virus transmission found in South America and Africa.
  • Zostavax: Protects against herpes zoster (shingles).

Common Medications & Top Prescriptions

  1. Common Cancer Medications
  2. Common Drugs and Their Uses.
  3. Common Cardiac Related Medications
  4. Common Respiratory Drugs
  5. Medications for Older Adults: Commonly Recommended Types
  6. Common Medication Classifications and Adverse and Side Effects
  7. Commonly Used Drugs Charts | National Institute on Drug
  8. Common Types of Medications and Their Side Effects
  9. Top-Selling Prescription Drugs by Revenue
  10. The Most Prescribed Drugs in the U.S.
  11. United States of Medication: What Our 10 Most Common Prescription Drugs Reveal About America's Health
  12. Prices Increased Faster Than Inflation for Half of all Drugs Covered by Medicare (2020)
  13. Most Commonly Prescribed Drugs in the U.S. | GoodRx
  14. The Most Common Medications Prescribed by Doctors
  15. 8 Most Common Medications Given for Surgery
  16. 10 Drugs Commonly Prescribed for Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
  17. 10 Commonly Prescribed HIV Medications
  18. 10 Commonly Prescribed High Blood Pressure Medications
  19. 10 Common High Blood Pressure Medications
  20. 10 Commonly Prescribed Breast Cancer Drugs.
  21. 10 Top Most Common Generic Medications
  22. 10 Top Most Expensive Popular Generic Drugs in the US (and How to Save)
  23. 10 Top Most-Prescribed and Top-Selling Medications
  24. 10 Top Prescription Drugs in the U.S. and Side Effects
  25. 10 Top Prescription Medications: Most Commonly Prescribed Drugs in the U.S.
  26. 10 Most Prescribed Drugs
  27. 10 Most Expensive Drugs in the US
  28. 10 Most Prescribed Medications for the Elderly and What they Do
  29. 10 Most Common Antiepileptic Seizure Medications
  30. 12 Commonly Prescribed Depression Medications - Antidepressants, SSRIs
  31. 15 Top Best-Selling Cancer Drugs
  32. 30 Most Commonly Prescribed Pediatric Medications
  33. 50 Most Commonly Prescribed Drugs in America and Their Average Price
  34. 50 Top Prescription Drugs Filled in the U.S.
  35. 100 Most Common Medications in the World You Can Find Anywhere
  36. 50 Top Drugs Prescribed in the U.S.
  37. 100 Most Commonly Prescribed Medications in UK Hospitals
  38. 100 Top Most Common Prescription Medications to Know Brand and Generic: Part 1 & Part 2 (video)
  39. 200 Top Prescribed Drugs in the US as a Resource for Pharmacy Teaching, Training and Practice
  40. 200 Most Common Drugs/Medications
  41. 300 Top Prescribed Drugs: 2020 | 2019 |



Medication: Advisories, Warnings & Recalls


Medication for Asthma


Medication for Alzheimer's Disease


Medication for Diabetes Mellitus


Medication for Flu


Medication for High Blood Pressure/Hypertension


Medication for Kidney Stones


Medication for Stomach Ulcer


Medication for Breast Cancer


Medication for Colon Cancer


Medication for Rectal Cancer


Medication for Lung Cancer


Medication for Prostate Cancer

Most Popular Prescriptions: 1 - 80

Most Popular Prescriptions: 81 - 160

Most Popular Prescriptions: 161 - 240

Most Popular Prescriptions: 241 - 300

FDA's Medicine Watch



Knowledge of Drugs

  1. How to Dispose of Unused Medicines
  2. Five Tips for New Moms
  3. Biosimilars: More Treatment Options Are on the Way
  4. Pancreatic Cancer: Targeted Treatments Hold Promise
  5. Need Relief From Overactive Bladder Symptoms?
  6. Get Set for a Healthy Winter Season 
  7. Pregnant? Breastfeeding? Better Drug Information Is Coming
  8. Registries Help Inform Medication Use in Pregnancy
  9. Want to Be More Health Savvy?
  10. Have a Baby or Young Child With a Cold? Most Don't Need Medicines
  11. Your Guide to Reporting Problems to FDA
  12. FDA Pharmacists Help Consumers Use Medicines Safely
  13. Generic Drugs Undergo Rigorous FDA Scrutiny
  14. Mixing Medications and Dietary Supplements Can Endanger Your Health
  15. FDA Builds Closer Ties with Mexico
  16. Research Flash: FDA Scientists Study Pediatric Brain Function
  17. FDA Helps Tackle Sickle Cell Disease
  18. Caution: Some Over-the-Counter Medicines May Affect Your Driving
  19. A Decade of Prostate Cancer Progress
  20. Treating Migraines: More Ways to Fight the Pain
  21. FDA: Don’t Leave Childhood Depression Untreated
  22. FDA Explores New Uses for MRI Scans
  23. My Dog Has Cancer: What Do I Need to Know?
  24. Psoriasis Treatments Are Getting More Personalized
  25. WANTED: Consumers to Report Problems
  26. Personalized Medicine and Companion Diagnostics Go Hand-in-Hand
  27. Cord Blood: What You Need to Know
  28. Faster, Easier Cures for Hepatitis C
  29. Did You Know? FDA Supports Research to Reduce Health Disparities
  30. Juvenile Arthritis: New Discoveries Lead to New Treatments
  31. The Lab for These FDA Scientists Is a Computer Screen
  32. Breast Cancer—Men Get It Too
  33. Do Teething Babies Need Medicine on Their Gums? No
  34. Topical Acne Products Can Cause Dangerous Side Effects
  35. Some Bee Pollen Weight Loss Products Are a Dangerous Scam
  36. “My Medicines” ... This Brochure Can be a Lifesaver
  37. Four Medication Safety Tips for Older Adults
  38. Sometimes Drugs and the Liver Don't Mix
  39. Lupus Therapies Continue to Evolve
  40. Skin Cancer Patients Have More Treatment Options
  41. How Long Should You Take Certain Osteoporosis Drugs?
  42. Fighting Allergy Season with Medications
  43. Can an Aspirin a Day Help Prevent a Heart Attack?
  44. Medications for High Blood Pressure
  45. Beware of False or Misleading Claims for Treating Autism
  46. FDA Gives Latinas Tools to Fight Diabetes
  47. Hemophilia Treatments Have Come a Long Way
  48. FDA Broadens Its Vocabulary
  49. Irritable Bowel Syndrome Treatments Aren't One-Size-Fits-All
  50. Fighting Diabetes' Deadly Impact on Minorities
  51. FDA Historians Share Lessons From Agency's Past
  52. Five Tips for a Safer Spring Break
  53. FDA Speeds Innovation in Rare Disease Therapies
  54. Improving Your Odds for Cervical Health
  55. Treating Head Lice
  56. Some Wart Removers are Flammable
  57. FDA Unit Pursues Illegal Web Pharmacies
  58. Use Certain Laxatives with Caution
  59. FDA Taking Closer Look at 'Antibacterial' Soap
  60. Phasing Out Certain Antibiotic Use in Farm Animals
  61. Pain Medicines for Pets: Know the Risks
  62. Teens and Steroids: A Dangerous Combo
  63. FDA Acts to Prevent More Drug Shortages
  64. FDA Helping to Advance Treatments Tailored to You
  65. Island Office Protects Consumers Near and Far
  66. Fentanyl Patch Can Be Deadly to Children
  67. Goal of Label Changes: Better Prescribing, Safer Use of Opioids
  68. Anesthesia: Is it Safe for Young Brains?
  69. Babies Spitting Up—Normal in Most Cases
  70. FDA Warns of Rare Acetaminophen Risk
  71. Beware of Illegally Sold Diabetes Treatments
  72. Use Sunscreen Spray? Avoid Open Flame
  73. FDA Forges Partnerships in Latin America
  74. Keeping Drug Advertising Honest and Balanced
  75. Allergy Meds Could Affect Your Driving
  76. Users of Last CFC Inhalers Must Soon Switch
  77. FDA Helps Women Get Heart Smart
  78. Stay Safe in the Summer Sun
  79. Pregnancy: A Time for Special Caution


More ... Healthcare
Pharmacy Healthcare Pandemics

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