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  1. Online gaming made its console debut before the turn of the millennium, thanks to the Sega Dreamcast—the first 128-bit system to hit the market. Released in 1999, it came equipped with a built-in modem and supported online play, a groundbreaking feature at the time. However, the infrastructure wasn’t quite ready to support the vision; most households still relied on sluggish dial-up connections, making the experience inconsistent and frustrating. Despite its technical innovation, the Dreamcast was a pioneer that arrived just a bit ahead of its time, laying the groundwork for the online gaming boom that followed.
  2. The original Xbox held a hidden tribute to space exploration: if left idle on the home screen, it would begin playing eerie ambient sounds, including whispers and distorted chatter—these were actually edited audio clips from real Apollo mission transmissions. This subtle Easter egg added a mysterious sci-fi vibe to the console, blending gaming with a nod to humanity’s journey beyond Earth. It was a clever, atmospheric touch that made the Xbox feel like more than just a gaming machine—it felt like a portal to something bigger.
  3. Microsoft transformed Xbox from a pure gaming device into a dynamic multimedia hub by integrating popular streaming services like YouTube, Boxee, and others. This strategic upgrade redefined how users interacted with their consoles—offering instant access to video content, social media platforms, and web-based apps right from the dashboard. The result wasn’t just entertainment—it was immersion. Xbox became the heartbeat of the living room, blending gameplay, binge-watching, and online engagement into one seamless experience. This move marked a turning point in digital convergence, where gaming, streaming, and social connectivity collided to create a unified entertainment ecosystem.
  4. In the late '90s and early 2000s, PlayStation experimented with Scratch and Sniff discs to add a sensory twist to gameplay. The 1999 release of Gran Turismo 2 featured a blue disc that smelled like fuel and burning rubber, perfectly matching its high-octane racing theme. Then in 2000, FIFA 2001 joined the trend with discs that gave off the scent of fresh-cut football stadium turf. It was a short-lived gimmick, but a memorable one—proof that game developers weren’t afraid to think outside the box (or the jewel case).
  5. In 1993, Soviet cosmonaut Aleksandr A. Serebrov took his Nintendo Game Boy aboard the TM-17 space mission to the Mir space station, making it one of the first gaming consoles to travel beyond Earth. Over the course of the mission, the Game Boy is said to have orbited the planet roughly 3,000 times. Years later, this spacefaring handheld was auctioned off for $1,220—a modest price for such a cosmic collectible. It’s a reminder that even in orbit, humans crave a little entertainment.
  6. Long before pixels and power-ups, Nintendo began its journey in 1889 as a humble playing card company in Kyoto, Japan. For nearly seven decades, it specialized in handcrafted hanafuda cards, a traditional Japanese game. Even as the company evolved into a global video game powerhouse, it never fully abandoned its roots—Nintendo still produces playing cards in Japan today and even hosts a bridge tournament known as the “Nintendo Cup.” It’s a rare example of a company that’s managed to preserve its heritage while reinventing entertainment for generations.
  7. Surgeons with a gaming background might just have an edge in the operating room. Studies have shown that those who played video games for more than three hours a week made 37% fewer errors during procedures like laparoscopic surgery and suturing. Even more impressively, they completed tasks 42% faster than their non-gaming peers. The hand-eye coordination, spatial awareness, and precision honed through gaming appear to translate remarkably well to the demands of minimally invasive surgery. It’s a compelling case for leveling up both in-game and in the OR.
  8. Apple’s warranty policy includes an unexpected clause: exposure to cigarette smoke can void coverage on its computers. The rationale isn’t just about cleanliness—it’s a health and safety concern for technicians, who may refuse to service devices contaminated with smoke residue. This unofficial “smoking ban” has surfaced in multiple repair disputes, revealing that even tech support has boundaries when it comes to secondhand hazards. It’s a rare case where warranty meets workplace wellness, and the air around a MacBook matters more than most realize.
  9. Buried deep within the iTunes Terms & Conditions lies a surprisingly dramatic clause: users agree not to use Apple products for the “development, design, manufacture, or production of nuclear, missile, or chemical or biological weapons.” While it may sound absurd in the context of downloading music or organizing playlists, this language is actually standard in many U.S. tech agreements. It stems from export control regulations designed to prevent sensitive technologies from being used in weapons programs.
  10. The humble barcode has a surprisingly chewy origin story—literally. The first product ever scanned with a barcode was a packet of Wrigley’s chewing gum in 1974. The technology itself was conceived much earlier by Norman Joseph Woodland, who patented the idea in October 1952. But it wasn’t until 22 years later, while working at IBM, that Woodland helped develop the barcode into the Universal Product Code (UPC) system used for product labeling. That single scan marked the beginning of a retail revolution, streamlining inventory, checkout, and supply chains across the globe.
  11. Some computers are purpose-built for Amish communities, reflecting their values of simplicity and separation from modern digital distractions. These devices are stripped of internet access, video playback, and music capabilities, focusing instead on practical tools like word processing, spreadsheets, accounting software, and basic drawing programs. The goal is to provide technological utility—such as managing business records or writing documents—without introducing entertainment or connectivity features that conflict with Amish cultural norms. It's a fascinating example of how technology can be tailored to fit specific lifestyles.
  12. People’s reading speed can vary depending on the medium, with studies showing that, on average, people read about 10% slower from screens than from paper—likely due to factors like glare, scrolling, and digital distractions. Interestingly, screen time also affects blinking: while the typical blink rate is around 20 times per minute during everyday activities, it drops dramatically to just 7 times per minute when staring at a computer. This reduced blinking can lead to eye strain and dryness, which is why regular breaks and conscious blinking are recommended during extended screen use.
  13. Modern Boeing aircraft are equipped with highly advanced computerized systems that manage nearly every aspect of flight, safety, and performance. These systems are part of what's known as avionics—the electronic systems used in aircraft, satellites, and spacecraft. Below is breakdown of the key computerized systems in Boeing planes today.
    • Flight Management System (FMS)
      • Automates navigation, fuel optimization, and route planning.
      • Interfaces with GPS and inertial navigation systems to guide the aircraft efficiently.
    • Fly-by-Wire Controls
      • In aircraft like the Boeing 787 Dreamliner and 777X, traditional mechanical controls are replaced with electronic signals.
      • Enhances stability, responsiveness, and safety by allowing real-time adjustments based on flight conditions.
    • Electronic Flight Instrument System (EFIS)
      • Replaces analog dials with digital displays (glass cockpit).
      • Provides pilots with real-time data on altitude, speed, heading, and engine performance.
    • Aircraft Health Monitoring System (AHMS)
      • Continuously monitors systems like hydraulics, engines, and avionics.
      • Predicts maintenance needs and alerts ground crews to potential issues before they become critical.
    • Communication & Connectivity
      • Includes satellite-based systems for real-time communication with air traffic control and airline operations.
      • Supports in-flight Wi-Fi and entertainment systems for passengers.
    • Autopilot & Auto-throttle
      • Maintains altitude, heading, and speed with minimal pilot input.
      • Works in tandem with FMS to execute complex flight plans and approaches.
    • Safety Systems
      • Terrain Awareness and Warning System (TAWS)
      • Traffic Collision Avoidance System (TCAS)
    • Weather radar and predictive wind shear detection
      • These systems are deeply integrated, allowing Boeing aircraft to operate with remarkable precision, efficiency, and safety. If you're curious about how these compare to Airbus systems or want to explore the tech inside a specific Boeing model like the 787 or 777X, I’d be happy to dive deeper.
  14. Boeing did not implement its own computer systems in aircraft before computers were invented, but it was among the earliest pioneers to integrate computing technologies into aviation as soon as they became viable. In the 1950s and 1960s, Boeing began using analog computing systems—electromechanical devices that performed calculations using electrical signals—for flight control, navigation, and autopilot functions. These systems laid the groundwork for modern avionics. By the 1970s and 1980s, Boeing transitioned to digital computers, introducing sophisticated flight management systems in aircraft like the Boeing 747, 757, and 767. These onboard computers revolutionized aviation by enabling automated flight planning, fuel optimization, and real-time system diagnostics. Boeing didn’t invent computers, but it played a crucial role in adapting and evolving them for aerospace applications, helping shape the future of intelligent flight systems.
  15. A large percentage of the world’s currency now exists purely as digital data stored on computers, with less than 10% of global money circulating in the form of physical cash or coins. From bank accounts and financial transactions to cryptocurrencies and digital wallets, most modern economies operate through virtual balances maintained by electronic systems. This shift has fundamentally transformed the way money moves — through encrypted networks and complex databases — allowing for lightning-fast payments, global financial integration, and new innovations like central bank digital currencies and decentralized finance. In this digital age, money has become less about paper and more about code.
  16. In 2025, powerful supercomputers like El Capitan, Frontier, Aurora, Fugaku, LUMI, and Leonardo are at the forefront of high-performance computing. These systems are used for scientific research, AI development, and other computationally intensive tasks. Additionally, companies like Xanadu are pioneering quantum computing with machines like Aurora.
    • Supercomputers:
      • El Capitan: Currently the fastest supercomputer, developed by HPE and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
      • Frontier: The first exascale supercomputer, located at Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
      • Aurora: An exascale supercomputer developed by Intel and HPE.
      • Fugaku: A Japanese supercomputer known for its energy efficiency.
      • LUMI: A pre-exascale supercomputer in Finland.
      • Leonardo: A pre-exascale supercomputer in Italy.
    • Quantum Computing:
      • Xanadu Aurora: A modular, room-temperature photonic quantum computer.
    • Other Powerful Systems:
      • HPC6: Located in Italy, another powerful supercomputer.
      • Eagle: Microsoft's cloud-based supercomputer for AI development.
      • Sierra and Perlmutter: Supercomputers also utilized for various scientific and research purposes.
      • Selene, Eos, Summit: Supercomputers with various strengths.
  17. The most powerful supercomputer in the U.S. is El Capitan, located at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California. It became operational in late 2024 and boasts a performance of 1.742 exaFLOPS, making it the fastest supercomputer in the world. Before El Capitan, the Frontier supercomputer at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee held the top spot, reaching 1.1 exaFLOPS. These machines are used for advanced scientific research, including climate modeling, drug discovery, and national security applications.
  18. El Capitan has surpassed Frontier as the fastest supercomputer in the world. While both are used for scientific research, El Capitan is primarily focused on nuclear security simulations, whereas Frontier supports a broader range of exascale computing applications.
    • Performance: El Capitan reaches 1.742 exaFLOPS, while Frontier previously held the top spot with 1.353 exaFLOPS.
    • Architecture: Both systems use AMD processors, but El Capitan features 44,544 AMD Instinct MI300A APUs, integrating Zen 4 CPU cores with CDNA 3 compute dies.
    • Energy Efficiency: El Capitan achieves 58.89 gigaflops per watt, making it one of the most efficient supercomputers.
  19. Tianhe-3 is currently the most powerful supercomputer in China, developed by the National University of Defense Technology (NUDT) and housed at the National Supercomputer Center in Guangzhou. It features the advanced MT-3000 processor, which utilizes a multi-zone architecture comprising 16 general-purpose CPU cores, 96 control cores, and 1,536 accelerator cores. With a peak performance of 2.05 exaflops and a sustained performance of 1.57 exaflops on the High Performance LINPACK benchmark, Tianhe-3 ranks among the most powerful computing systems in the world, capable of tackling complex simulations, scientific research, and national defense applications.
  20. Supercomputers are very powerful computers that perform complex calculations and data processing at speeds that are orders of magnitude faster than typical personal computers. They’re primarily used for complex tasks like climate modeling, quantum mechanics simulations, and even crunching data for research in medicine and physics.
    • Frontier (USA): Frontier, or OLCF-5, is the world's first exascale supercomputer built by Hewlett Packard Enterprise (HPE) and housed at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) in Tennessee, US. It is based on the Cray EX and is the successor to Summit (OLCF-4). Frontier achieved an Rmax of 1.102 exaFLOPS, which is 1.102 quintillion floating-point operations per second, using AMD CPUs and GPUs.
    • Aurora (USA):Aurora is an exascale supercomputer that was sponsored by the United States Department of Energy (DOE) and designed by Intel and Cray for the Argonne National Laboratory. It has been the second fastest supercomputer with a performance of 1.012 exaFLOPS in the world since 2023. The cost was estimated in 2019 to be US$500 million.
    • Fugaku (Japan): Fugaku (富岳) is a petascale supercomputer at the Riken Center for Computational Science in Kobe, Japan. It became the fastest supercomputer in the world in the June 2020 TOP500 list as well as becoming the first ARM architecture-based computer to achieve this.
    • LUMI (Finland): LUMI (Large Unified Modern Infrastructure) is a petascale supercomputer consisting of 362,496 cores, capable of executing more than 375 petaflops, with a theoretical peak performance of more than 550 petaflops, which places it among the top five most powerful computers in the world; it's located at the EuroHPC JU supercomputing center in Finland
    • Summit (USA): Summit or OLCF-4 is a supercomputer developed by IBM; it is the 9th fastest supercomputer in the world on the TOP500 list, and is housed at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) in Tennessee, US
    • Sierra (USA): Sierra or ATS-2 is a supercomputer built for U.S. National Nuclear Security Administration/Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and primarily used for predictive applications in nuclear weapon stockpile stewardship.
    • Sunway TaihuLight (China): Sunway TaihuLight (神威·太湖之光) is a Chinese supercomputer which is ranked 11th in the TOP500 list (as of November 2023) with a LINPACK benchmark rating of 93 petaflops; it is housed at the National Supercomputing Center in Wuxi, China
    • Perlmutter (USA): Perlmuttert was built by Cray based on its Shasta architecture, which utilizes Zen 3 based AMD Epyc CPUs ("Milan") and Nvidia Tesla GPUs; it is located at the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC) in California, US
    • Selene (USA): Selene is a supercomputer developed by Nvidia, capable of achieving 63.460 petaflops, ranking as the fifth fastest supercomputer in the world, and housed at the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC) in California, US
  21. Reducing LCD brightness, disconnecting unused peripherals, disabling Bluetooth when not needed, and opting for shutdown or hibernate instead of standby mode are effective strategies for conserving energy on a laptop. Additionally, fine-tuning power management settings—such as adjusting sleep timers and customizing CPU usage plans—can significantly enhance efficiency. These practices not only help extend each battery charge but also contribute to preserving the battery’s long-term health, ensuring better performance and longevity over time.
  22. DDR4 SDRAM (Double Data Rate Fourth-generation Synchronous Dynamic Random-Access Memory) is a type of SDRAM with a high bandwidth ("double data rate") interface. Released to the market in 2014, it is one of the latest variants of dynamic random-access memory (DRAM). DDR4 is the same width as DDR3, but is slightly taller by about .9mm. DDR4 uses 288 pins and runs at 1.2V with low power modules expected to run at just 1.05V while DDR3 uses 240 pins and runs at 1.5V with low power modules running at 1.35V. Lower voltage components simply run cooler than their higher voltage counterparts and are generally more reliable. Moreover, the DDR4 standard allows for DIMMs of up to 64 GiB in capacity, compared to DDR3's maximum of 16 GiB per DIMM.
  23. DDR3 SDRAM is not backward-compatible with DDR2 SDRAM. Although both types feature 240 pins, their key notch positions, voltage requirements, and electrical signaling differ significantly, making them physically and functionally incompatible. DDR2 modules typically operate at 1.8V, whereas DDR3 runs at 1.5V or even lower in energy-efficient variants. Additionally, their timing protocols and prefetch architectures are distinct, further preventing cross-compatibility. So while they may look similar at a glance, attempting to insert a DDR3 module into a DDR2 slot—or vice versa—is like forcing the wrong puzzle piece: it simply won't fit or function.
  24. Inside the case of the original Macintosh 128K, Apple molded the signatures of 47 team members from the Macintosh Division—including Steve Jobs, Andy Hertzfeld, Bill Atkinson, Jef Raskin, and others who helped bring the groundbreaking computer to life. The idea, championed by Jobs, was that since the Macintosh was a work of art, the creators should sign it—just like artists do. These signatures were etched into the inside rear panel of the case and remained present in several early Mac models, including the Mac Plus, as a quiet tribute to the team’s legacy.
  25. Iomega, founded in 1980, revolutionized portable data storage with the release of its first Zip Drive in 1994, offering a then-groundbreaking 100MB capacity—a massive leap from the standard 1.44MB floppy disks of the time. The Zip Drive quickly gained popularity for its speed, reliability, and ease of use, especially among professionals handling large files like graphic designers and photographers. It came in parallel port and SCSI versions, making it compatible with both PCs and Macs, and was often bundled with a single Zip disk. Within the first 15 months, Iomega shipped over 2 million units, far exceeding expectations. Later models expanded capacity to 250MB and 750MB, but the rise of CD burners, USB flash drives, and cloud storage eventually rendered Zip Drives obsolete. Still, they remain a nostalgic icon of 1990s tech innovation.
  26. The Pentium microprocessor, launched by Intel on March 22, 1993, marked a major leap as the fifth generation in the x86 architecture—the foundational line behind IBM PCs and their clones. Known internally as the P5 micro-architecture, it was Intel’s first superscalar processor, capable of executing multiple instructions per clock cycle, which significantly boosted performance. The Pentium replaced the i486 and was eventually succeeded by the Pentium Pro, Pentium II, and Pentium III, each building on its legacy. It became so iconic that even Weird Al Yankovic gave it a shoutout in his parody “It’s All About the Pentiums”. The Pentium microprocessor introduced several key innovations.
    • Dual integer pipelines for parallel instruction execution.
    • A much faster floating-point unit (FPU)—up to 10× faster than its predecessor.
    • 64-bit burst-mode data bus for quicker memory access.
    • Separate code and data caches to reduce bottlenecks.
    • Support for MMX instructions in later models for multimedia acceleration.
  27. The Intel 4004, introduced in 1971, was the world’s first commercially available microprocessor and was originally designed to power calculators for a Japanese company called Busicom. Measuring just 12 square millimeters, this tiny chip managed to squeeze all the essential functions of a CPU onto a single integrated circuit — performing calculations, processing data, and managing tasks with unprecedented efficiency. Though created for something as unassuming as a calculator, the 4004 became the cornerstone of the personal computer revolution, kickstarting the journey toward increasingly powerful processors and the modern digital age.
  28. The Intel 4004, introduced in 1971, was the first commercially available microprocessor and marked a revolutionary step in computing. Originally designed for use in calculators, it contained just 2,300 transistors and operated at a clock speed of 740 kHz. Fast forward to the Intel Sandy Bridge-E series, released in the early 2010s, and the contrast is staggering: these advanced processors boast approximately 2.27 billion transistors, reflecting the exponential growth in processing power and complexity. This leap illustrates how microprocessor technology has evolved from simple arithmetic engines to powerful, multi-core systems capable of handling demanding tasks like gaming, AI, and scientific simulations.
  29. Linux, a Unix-like and POSIX- compliant computer operating system assembled under the model of free and open source software development and distribution, was designed and released by Finnish university student Linus Torvalds in October 1991.
  30. Spam meat was introduced by Hormel Foods in 1937 as a canned pork product. The term “spam” for junk email didn’t appear until decades later, inspired by a famous Monty Python sketch where the word “Spam” was repeated endlessly, symbolizing something unavoidable and excessive. That’s exactly how unsolicited emails feel! On average, spammers get just one response for every 12 million emails sent. But even that tiny success rate can be profitable when sending costs are minimal and the volume is astronomical. It’s a numbers game, and unfortunately, it still pays off just enough to keep the spam flowing.
  31. Computer Security Day, observed annually on November 30th since 1988, serves as a reminder to stay vigilant about digital safety. Originally launched to spotlight growing concerns around computer-related vulnerabilities, it encourages simple yet impactful actions: updating passwords to stronger combinations, reviewing privacy settings on platforms like Facebook, and ensuring that data stored on phones or in the cloud is properly secured. It’s also a great time to catch up on the latest tech developments and reinforce habits that protect personal and professional information in an increasingly connected world.
  32. The malware threat has evolved from a minor nuisance into a full-scale digital epidemic. In 1990, just 50 known computer viruses lurked in cyberspace. Fast forward to 2025, and cybersecurity systems are now identifying over 560,000 new malware threats every single day—a staggering 17 million per month. These aren’t just basic bugs; they include everything from stealthy Trojans to AI-powered spyware, ransomware, and elusive fileless attacks. With 90% of emails laced with some form of malware, the digital battlefield has grown more hostile, more cunning, and more relentless than ever before.
  33. Each month, thousands of new computer viruses and worms emerge, exploiting vulnerabilities and challenging cybersecurity systems worldwide. One of the most infamous examples was the MyDoom worm, which surfaced in 2004 and swiftly spread via email, masquerading as a benign message. Once activated, it unleashed devastating denial-of-service attacks and opened backdoors into infected machines, leading to an estimated $38 billion in global damages. MyDoom wasn’t just a technical menace—it was a pivotal moment that exposed the fragile nature of digital infrastructure and accelerated the development of modern cybersecurity defenses, which continue to evolve in response to increasingly sophisticated threats.
  34. The first computer virus, called "Creeper," was created in 1971 by Bob Thomas at BBN Technologies as an experimental self-replicating program rather than a malicious threat. It spread across computers connected to ARPANET, the precursor to the internet, and displayed the playful message, “I’m the creeper: catch me if you can.” Though it didn’t cause harm or corrupt data, Creeper demonstrated the possibility of autonomous code movement between machines and inspired the creation of the first anti-virus software, "Reaper," which was designed to hunt down and delete Creeper — marking the beginning of digital defense in computing history.
  35. A computer virusescomputer virus is a type of malicious software (malware) that, once executed, replicates by embedding copies of itself—sometimes altered—into other programs, files, or the boot sector of a hard drive. When this replication is successful, the targeted areas are considered "infected." These infections can disrupt system performance, corrupt data, or even render devices unusable. Alarmingly, it's estimated that around 200 new computer viruses are released daily, highlighting the constant evolution of cyber threats and the critical need for robust antivirus protection and safe computing practices.
  36. Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) is an email encryption program created by Phil Zimmermann in 1991, designed to help individuals protect their communications from surveillance and unauthorized access. Contrary to some accounts, Zimmermann was not working at PKWARE, Inc. when he developed PGP; he created it independently and released it as freeware to promote privacy and civil liberties. PGP uses a combination of symmetric and public-key cryptography to secure emails and files, and it quickly gained popularity among privacy advocates, journalists, and activists. Its release sparked legal controversy in the U.S. due to export restrictions on cryptographic software, but it ultimately helped establish strong encryption as a vital tool for digital privacy.
  37. A petabyte (PB) is an immense amount of data—equivalent to 1,024 terabytes—and can store around 250 million high-resolution photos, 500,000 hours of HD video (enough for over 57 years of nonstop viewing), or the text from 20 million four-drawer filing cabinets. It’s the scale used by large enterprises and tech giants; for example, Facebook processes multiple petabytes of data daily to manage user interactions, media uploads, and platform activity. This sheer volume highlights how PB-level storage is essential for handling the vast digital footprint of modern life.
  38. In 1980, IBM introduced the first portable 1-gigabyte hard disk drive as part of its 3380 series — a groundbreaking advancement in data storage despite its massive scale and cost. Weighing approximately 550 pounds and priced around $40,000 per unit, the drive was roughly the size of a refrigerator and required substantial infrastructure to operate and cool effectively. Although it was intended for large institutions and data centers, it represented a major leap in capacity, consolidating what previously required multiple smaller disks into a single unit. The 3380 set the stage for the evolution of hard drive technology, from bulky mechanical giants to today’s sleek solid-state and flash storage devices.
  39. It’s surprisingly common to fumble with USB plugs—studies show that 86% of people initially try to insert them upside down. This tiny tech frustration became so universal that it inspired the creation of the reversible USB-C standard, which eliminates the guesswork entirely. Until then, the classic USB-A port remains a quirky reminder that even the simplest tasks can trip up nearly everyone.
  40. In 1979, the world saw the debut of the first portable hard drive, a technological marvel for its time despite its humble capacity — just 5 megabytes. Created by Seagate Technology, this early drive was part of the ST-506 series and marked a shift toward mobile data storage for personal and business computing. Although today's smartphones easily handle thousands of times more data, the ST-506’s launch represented a leap in miniaturizing and mobilizing information. Housed in a hefty metal casing, it was anything but sleek by modern standards, yet it laid the groundwork for decades of portable storage innovation — from floppy disks to USB flash drives and cloud computing.
  41. In 1956, IBM introduced the first computer with something resembling a modern hard drive—the IBM 305 RAMAC—which marked a major milestone in data storage technology. This early hard disk drive could store 5 megabytes of data, a groundbreaking capacity at the time, but it came housed in a massive cabinet that weighed over 2,200 pounds—roughly the weight of a small car. The drive used fifty 24-inch platters to read and write data magnetically, and despite its size and cost, it laid the foundation for the compact, high-capacity storage devices we use today.
  42. In the late 1970s, floppy disks measured a sizable 8 inches in diameter and were housed in flexible plastic sleeves, which gave rise to the term "floppy." Developed by IBM, these early magnetic storage devices could hold between 80 to 256 kilobytes of data — minuscule by modern standards, but revolutionary for transferring and saving files across machines. Their large size eventually led to the development of more compact formats, including the 5.25-inch version in the late '70s and the 3.5-inch disks of the 1980s, paving the way for widespread personal computing and portable digital storage.
  43. IBM’s 1311 disk drive, introduced in 1961, was a landmark in early data storage and roughly the size of a washing machine. Designed for use with the IBM 1401 computer system, it featured a removable disk pack that could store approximately two million characters — or about 2 megabytes by today’s standards. The disk pack consisted of six 14-inch platters stacked vertically inside a protective case, allowing users to swap out storage units as needed. Though bulky and primitive compared to modern flash drives, the 1311 represented a major step toward flexible, reusable data storage in business computing and laid foundational groundwork for future hard disk technology.
  44. Each year, over 300 million inkjet cartridges and 70 million laser cartridges are sold in the United States, reflecting the widespread demand for home and office printing. Despite the rise of digital documents, physical printing remains deeply embedded in personal, educational, and professional workflows — from photos and school projects to business reports and legal paperwork. However, this massive consumption also contributes significantly to environmental waste, prompting efforts to promote recycling programs, remanufactured cartridges, and refillable options to reduce the ecological footprint of print technology. The numbers are a powerful reminder of how even everyday tech can leave a lasting impact.
  45. Each year, approximately 1.3 billion inkjet cartridges are used globally, yet less than 30 percent of them are recycled, leading to over 350 million cartridges being discarded into landfills annually. This staggering amount of waste contributes significantly to environmental pollution, as cartridges are made from plastics and metals that can take hundreds of years to decompose. Promoting cartridge recycling programs and encouraging the use of refillable or remanufactured cartridges can help reduce this impact and move toward more sustainable printing practices.
  46. The Apple Lisa, released in 1983, was the first personal computer to offer a graphical user interface (GUI) and a mouse, setting a new standard for user-friendly computing. Developed by Apple Computer, it was aimed at business users and featured advanced capabilities for its time, including multitasking and a desktop metaphor that influenced future operating systems. However, its high price—around $10,000—limited its commercial success. Despite modest sales, the Lisa was a groundbreaking product that paved the way for the more affordable and widely adopted Macintosh, and it played a crucial role in shaping the future of personal computing.
  47. Apple II, Tandy Radio Shack TRS-80, and Commodore PET were the first three preassembled mass-produced personal computers in 1977; they made personal computing accessible to a broader audience. However, the first personal computer was the Kenbak-1, invented by John Blankenbaker in 1971; it had 256 bytes of memory and was designed before microprocessors were invented.
  48. The Apple II is an iconic 8-bit home computer and one of the first highly successful mass-produced microcomputers, originally launched in 1977. Designed by Steve Wozniak and marketed by Apple Computer, it played a pivotal role in popularizing personal computing. While the base model did not include a hard drive, later configurations and third-party expansions allowed for hard drives—typically starting around 5 megabytes, which was considered substantial at the time. The Apple II featured color graphics, expansion slots, and a cassette interface for storage, making it a versatile and groundbreaking machine in the early computer era.
  49. The Apple Macintosh Portable, released on September 20, 1989, was the first battery-powered portable Macintosh personal computer. It featured a 16MHz Motorola 68000 processor and weighed approximately 16 pounds, making it quite hefty by today’s standards. Despite its bulk, it was a significant milestone in Apple’s history, offering a high-resolution active matrix LCD screen, a built-in trackball, and a lead-acid battery that allowed for several hours of use. The Macintosh Portable paved the way for future Apple laptops, including the more compact and consumer-friendly PowerBook series.
  50. Mac computers were indeed named after the McIntosh apple, a favorite of Apple co-founder Jef Raskin, who led the development of the original Macintosh project. To avoid trademark issues with McIntosh Laboratory, a well-known audio equipment manufacturer, the name was intentionally misspelled as “Macintosh.” This clever tweak preserved the homage to the apple while sidestepping legal conflicts, and it became one of the most iconic names in computing history.
  51. Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak co-founded Apple Inc. in 1976, blending Jobs’s visionary leadership and flair for design with Wozniak’s engineering brilliance. Jobs revolutionized user experience with sleek product designs and intuitive interfaces, driving the success of groundbreaking devices like the iPod, iPhone, and iPad, and orchestrating Apple’s resurgence in the late '90s. Meanwhile, Wozniak designed the Apple I and Apple II, pioneering user-friendly hardware innovations like color graphics and expansion slots, which made personal computing accessible to everyday users. Together, they didn’t just build a company—they launched a technological revolution that reshaped modern life.
  52. The first Apple computer, the Apple I, debuted in July 1976, designed by Steve Wozniak and backed by the entrepreneurial vision of Steve Jobs. Powered by a MOS 6502 processor running at 1 MHz, it featured 4 KB of memory (expandable to 8 KB) and used a cassette tape interface for storage. Unlike its contemporaries, the Apple I came fully assembled, connected directly to a keyboard and a TV monitor, and cost $666.66—a quirky touch from Jobs. Only about 200 units were made, and the duo famously funded its production by selling personal items, including a calculator and a VW van, marking the humble yet groundbreaking start of Apple Inc.
  53. In 2010, the United States Air Force took an unconventional route to build a supercomputer for the Department of Defense—by assembling 1,760 PlayStation 3 consoles. Far from gaming, these machines were chosen for their powerful Cell processors, which offered impressive computational capabilities at a fraction of the cost of traditional hardware. The setup was not only budget-friendly but also energy-efficient, earning praise as a “green” solution. This creative use of consumer tech showcased how innovation can emerge from unexpected places—even the living room.
  54. The IBM 5120, released in 1980, holds the distinction of being one of the heaviest desktop computers ever manufactured, weighing approximately 105 pounds on its own, with an additional 130-pound external floppy drive unit. Aimed primarily at small business users, it came equipped with dual 8-inch floppy drives, a built-in monochrome screen, and ran both the IBM Basic Programming Support and the IBM Disk Operating System. While its bulk made it far from portable, the 5120 represented a significant step forward in bringing computing power to offices and professionals — albeit with serious muscle required to move it around.
  55. The IBM PC Convertible, released in 1986, was IBM’s first battery-powered personal computer and marked a significant step toward portable computing. Weighing about 13 pounds, it featured a flip-up LCD screen, a detachable keyboard, and used 3.5-inch floppy disks, which were becoming the standard at the time. Powered by an Intel 80C88 processor with 256 KB of RAM (expandable to 640 KB), it also included built-in ports for printers and serial connections. Though bulky by today’s standards, the PC Convertible helped pave the way for modern laptops and demonstrated the growing demand for mobile computing solutions.
  56. Asia has contributed significantly to the development of personal computers, especially during the rise of home computing in the 1980s and beyond. Below are some of the most popular and influential systems developed in Asia. These countries have played key roles in shaping the global PC landscape, from pioneering early systems to dominating modern laptop and desktop markets.
    • Japan
      • NEC PC Series: Dominated Japan’s market with models like the PC-8001 and PC-9800, widely used for gaming and business.
      • Fujitsu FM Series: Known for advanced graphics and sound, popular among hobbyists.
      • Sharp X1 and MZ Series: Sleek and powerful, favored for gaming and programming.
      • MSX Standard: A collaborative platform led by ASCII Corporation and Microsoft Japan, adopted by Sony, Panasonic, and others, with global reach.
    • China
      • Lenovo: Originally founded as Legend, Lenovo became a global leader after acquiring IBM’s PC division. Its ThinkPad and IdeaPad series are among the most popular laptops worldwide.
      • Sinotype III: A modified Apple II adapted for Chinese character input, crucial for early computing in China.
    • South Korea
      • Samsung SPC-1000: One of Korea’s first personal computers, used for education and gaming.
      • GoldStar FC Series: Developed by GoldStar (now LG), these early PCs helped establish Korea’s tech presence.
    • India
      • Wipro and HCL PCs: Indian companies like Wipro and HCL produced IBM-compatible PCs for business and government use during the 1980s and 1990s.
      • Simputer: A low-cost computing device developed in the early 2000s aimed at bridging the digital divide in rural India.
    • Taiwan
      • Acer: Started as a component manufacturer and evolved into a major global PC brand with popular lines like Aspire and Predator.
      • ASUS: Known for innovation and quality, ASUS produces a wide range of laptops and desktops, including the Republic of Gamers (ROG) series.
    • Singapore
      • Creative Technology: While more famous for sound cards, Creative also ventured into multimedia PCs in the 1990s, contributing to the region’s tech ecosystem.
    • Vietnam
      • Vietnam made notable strides in personal computer development during the late 1970s and early 1980s, with its first domestically assembled computer, the VT80, completed in January 1977 by a team of Vietnamese scientists led by Nguyễn Chí Công. This pioneering effort marked a significant milestone in the country’s technological history. The VT80 was followed by successive models—VT81, VT82, and VT83—built between 1977 and 1984, using a combination of locally sourced and imported components, including circuit boards and chips from France. Although these machines were not mass-produced or widely distributed, they played a crucial role in laying the foundation for Vietnam’s computing capabilities. Today, remnants of these early innovations, such as printed circuit boards, are preserved in museums, serving as a testament to Vietnam’s early ambition to join the global tech landscape.
  57. Europe has produced several influential personal computers, particularly during the 1980s home computing boom. In the United Kingdom, systems like the Sinclair ZX Spectrum, BBC Micro, Amstrad CPC series, and Acorn Archimedes gained widespread popularity, with the Archimedes notably introducing the ARM architecture that powers billions of devices today. Germany saw success with the Schneider Euro PC, while Sweden contributed the Luxor ABC 80, used in schools and businesses. France promoted computer literacy through the Thomson TO7/TO8 series in its education system. Though these machines are now part of retro computing history, their impact on gaming, education, and hardware design remains significant. While most of these systems are now part of retro computing history, their influence on education, gaming, and hardware design was profound.
    • United Kingdom
      • Sinclair ZX Spectrum: Hugely popular in the 1980s, especially in the UK and parts of Europe. It was known for its affordability and vibrant gaming scene.
      • BBC Micro: Developed by Acorn Computers for educational use, widely adopted in British schools and influential in early programming education.
      • Amstrad CPC Series: A line of 8-bit computers that gained traction across Europe, especially for home use and gaming.
      • Acorn Archimedes: Notable for introducing the ARM architecture, which now powers billions of devices worldwide.
    • Germany
      • Schneider Euro PC: A PC-compatible system that was popular in Germany and other parts of Europe during the late 1980s.
      • Commodore (European division): While originally American, Commodore had a strong European presence, especially with the Commodore 64 and Amiga series, which were manufactured and heavily marketed in Europe.
    • Sweden
      • Luxor ABC 80: A Zilog Z80-based computer used in Swedish schools and businesses during the early 1980s.
    • France
      • Thomson TO7/TO8: Widely used in French schools as part of a national initiative to promote computer literacy.
  58. Europe has produced several notable personal computers over the years, especially during the early home computing boom of the 1980s. While most modern PCs are dominated by American and Asian brands, these European-developed systems were once widely popular and influential. While these systems aren't mainstream today, their legacy lives on in retro computing communities and in the foundational technologies they helped pioneer—especially ARM, which originated from Acorn and now powers most smartphones and tablets.
    • United Kingdom
      • Sinclair ZX Spectrum: A hugely popular 8-bit home computer in the UK and parts of Europe, known for its affordability and role in the rise of indie game development.
      • BBC Micro: Developed by Acorn Computers for educational use, it became a staple in British schools and helped foster early programming skills.
      • Amstrad CPC: A successful line of 8-bit computers that gained traction in the UK and across Europe, especially for gaming and productivity.
      • Apricot Computers: Known for IBM PC-compatible systems, Apricot was a British brand that offered sleek business machines in the 1980s.
    • Sweden
      • ABC 80: A Zilog Z80-based computer designed in Sweden, widely used in schools, offices, and industrial automation during the early 1980s.
    • Pan-European Influence
      • Acorn Archimedes: Though British, its influence extended across Europe. It introduced the ARM architecture, which now powers billions of devices worldwide.
  59. Africa has made important strides in computing, though the continent is better known for innovation in mobile technology and software than for mass-produced personal computers. There are a few notable developments. While Africa hasn’t produced globally dominant PC brands like Lenovo or Acer, its contributions to computing are often seen in niche innovations, educational tools, and localized tech solutions. The continent’s focus has shifted toward mobile computing, with smartphones and tablets playing a central role in digital access.
    • Cameroon
      • Cardiopad: Invented by Marc Arthur, this was Africa’s first touchscreen medical tablet. While not a traditional PC, it functions as a specialized computing device for remote heart diagnostics and has gained recognition across the continent.
    • South Africa
      • Early Computing Infrastructure: South Africa was among the first African nations to adopt computers, with IBM installing an electronic tabulator in 1952. Universities like the University of the Witwatersrand began using computers as early as 1960.
      • CyberTracker: Developed by Louis Liebenberg, this software runs on handheld devices and helps indigenous trackers record wildlife data using an icon-based interface. Though not a PC, it’s a powerful example of African computing innovation.
    • Kenya
        • Government Mainframes: Kenya introduced mainframe computers in the 1960s for payroll and administrative tasks. While these weren’t personal computers, they marked the beginning of digital infrastructure in East Africa.
      • Charging Shoes: Invented by Anthony Mutua, these generate electricity while walking and can power small devices—again, not a PC, but a creative leap in energy and tech integration.
  60. The world's first computer, known as the Z1, was invented by Konrad Zuse in 1936 and is remarkable for incorporating nearly all the fundamental components of a modern computer, including a control unit, memory, micro-sequences, floating-point logic, and input-output devices. Built in his parents’ living room in Berlin, the Z1 was a mechanical marvel that laid the groundwork for future computing. Zuse continued refining his ideas with the Z2 and Z3, both of which expanded on the Z1’s architecture—most notably, the Z3 became the first fully functional programmable electromechanical computer in 1941. His pioneering work helped shape the evolution of digital computing.
  61. Konrad Zuse, a visionary inventor and computer pioneer, created the world's first programmable computer—the Z3—which became operational in May 1941. The Z3 was a groundbreaking achievement: it was the first functional, program-controlled, and Turing-complete electromechanical computer. Built using telephone switching equipment and designed to perform complex calculations automatically, the Z3 laid the foundation for modern computing. Zuse’s work was especially remarkable given the technological limitations of wartime Germany, and his contributions remain a cornerstone in the history of computer science.
  62. The first IBM PC, officially known as the IBM 5150, debuted on August 12, 1981, and marked a pivotal moment in personal computing history. With a base price of $1,565, it came equipped with an Intel 8088 processor, 16KB of memory, and no disk drives or color-graphics adapter — a barebones setup that required additional investments to unlock its full potential. Designed to be modular and accessible, the IBM PC laid the groundwork for a rapidly expanding ecosystem of compatible software and hardware, establishing the PC architecture that still underpins many modern computers today. Its open design also encouraged a flourishing clone market, fueling the rise of companies like Compaq and transforming personal tech from a niche hobby into a global industry.
  63. People tend to blink significantly less when using computers — often as little as one-third their normal rate — which can lead to a condition called digital eye strain or computer vision syndrome. Blinking is essential for keeping eyes moist and removing irritants, and reduced blinking results in dry, irritated eyes, as well as symptoms like blurry vision, headaches, and even neck or shoulder discomfort. Fortunately, small adjustments can help alleviate these issues: following the 20-20-20 rule (looking 20 feet away every 20 minutes for 20 seconds), adjusting screen brightness and contrast, positioning screens just below eye level, using artificial tears or a humidifier, and considering specialized computer glasses all offer relief in a screen-heavy world.
  64. The first search engine, called "Archie Query Form," was created in 1990 by Alan Emtage, a student at McGill University in Montreal, and it marked a quiet but significant milestone in internet history. Designed to index the contents of public FTP servers, Archie didn’t search text within files but instead helped users locate specific filenames scattered across the early web. Though rudimentary and lacking the sleek interfaces and algorithms we associate with modern search engines, Archie laid the groundwork for digital information retrieval and set the stage for future giants like Google to build smarter, broader systems for navigating cyberspace.
  65. In the early 1990s, researchers at the University of Cambridge’s Computer Laboratory invented the first webcam with one highly practical — and amusing — purpose: to monitor a shared coffee pot. Tired of trekking to the break room only to find it empty, they set up a camera that streamed live footage of the pot across their local network, enabling colleagues to check the coffee status from their desks. What began as a caffeine-saving hack ended up as the first live video feed on the internet, running for years and evolving from grayscale to full color before its retirement in 2001. This humble experiment unexpectedly helped pave the way for modern livestreaming and the internet’s visual culture.
  66. Xerox, particularly through its Palo Alto Research Center (PARC), played a pivotal role in shaping modern computing. In the 1970s, PARC was a hotbed of innovation where several foundational technologies were developed. These breakthroughs were showcased in the Xerox Alto, a computer that never reached mass production but heavily influenced future systems like the Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows. It's wild how one research center quietly shaped the digital world we live in today.
    • Graphical User Interface (GUI): PARC introduced the concept of windows, icons, and menus—elements that became standard in personal computing.
    • Computer Mouse: While the original idea came from Douglas Engelbart, Xerox PARC refined and popularized it as part of their GUI system.
    • Laser Printing: Invented at PARC, this technology revolutionized office printing with speed and precision.
    • Network Interface Card (NIC): PARC also pioneered Ethernet networking, which required the development of network cards to connect computers.
  67. The first computer mouse, invented by Doug Engelbart in 1964, was a far cry from today’s sleek plastic designs—it was made of wood, rectangular in shape, and had a single button positioned on the top right. Engelbart coined the term “mouse” because the cord trailing from the back resembled a mouse’s tail. This humble wooden device marked a revolutionary step in human-computer interaction, laying the groundwork for the graphical user interfaces we rely on today.
  68. Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center (PARC), established in California, was a hotbed of technological innovation during the 1970s and beyond, responsible for creating foundational components of modern computing. Among its pioneering breakthroughs were the computer mouse, refined from Douglas Engelbart's invention into a practical input device; the graphical user interface (GUI), which introduced the use of icons and windows for intuitive screen interaction; laser printing, invented by Gary Starkweather to deliver high-speed, high-quality output; and the network interface card (NIC), which enabled local-area networking and set the stage for connected computing. Although Xerox itself didn’t fully capitalize on these transformative ideas, companies like Apple and Microsoft later adopted and popularized them, forever shaping the digital landscape.
  69. For eight years, from 1962 to 1970, the U.S. military reportedly used the shockingly simple password "00000000" to control access to nuclear missile systems governed by the Permissive Action Link (PAL) safeguard — a mechanism meant to prevent unauthorized launches. The decision, allegedly driven by fears that a complex password could delay response times in a crisis, prioritized ease over security in one of the most sensitive defense systems on Earth. This jaw-dropping lapse in cybersecurity has since become a cautionary tale, fueling debates about the critical balance between operational readiness and digital safety in high-stakes environments.
  70. In 1964, Doug Engelbart unveiled a curious invention at the Stanford Research Institute — the first computer mouse, crafted from wood and fitted with two perpendicular wheels. Though officially dubbed the “X-Y Position Indicator for a Display System,” its cord trailing like a tail earned it the enduring nickname “mouse.” Far from a mere novelty, this wooden block was part of Engelbart’s grand vision for interactive computing, which he dramatically showcased in his legendary 1968 “Mother of All Demos.” That presentation didn’t just introduce the mouse — it previewed hypertext, video conferencing, and windowed computing, laying the foundation for the digital interfaces we take for granted today.
  71. Douglas Carl Engelbart is best known for his work on the challenges of human–computer interaction, particularly while at his Augmentation Research Center Lab in SRI International, resulting in the invention of the computer mouse in 1964, and the development of hypertext, networked computers, and precursors to graphical user interfaces.
  72. The first electronic digital calculating device used about 300 vacuum tubes, with capacitors fixed in a mechanically rotating drum for memory. The Atanasoff–Berry Computer (ABC), developed in the late 1930s and early 1940s by physicist John Atanasoff and his graduate student Clifford Berry, marked a pivotal moment in computing history as the first electronic digital calculating device. Utilizing around 300 vacuum tubes to perform arithmetic and logic operations, the ABC embraced binary representation and automated processing — a major leap beyond mechanical calculators. Its memory system was particularly innovative: capacitors fixed to a mechanically rotating drum stored data, showcasing one of the earliest approaches to electronic memory. Though often overshadowed by later machines like ENIAC, the ABC introduced critical concepts that shaped the architecture of digital computing as we know it today.
  73. The first transistorized computer in the United States, known as TRADIC (TRAnsistorized DIgital Computer), was developed by Bell Labs in 1954 for the U.S. Air Force to enhance their military operations, particularly in bombing and navigation. It replaced vacuum tubes with 684 transistors and over 10,000 germanium diodes, operating at 1 MHz while consuming less than 100 watts—an impressive leap in energy efficiency and reliability. Though not the fastest machine, its compact size and low power needs made it ideal for airborne use, including installation in aircraft like the B-52 Stratofortress. TRADIC’s success demonstrated the feasibility of transistor-based computing and helped ignite the transition to second-generation computers, driving the broader adoption of digital technology across industries.
  74. Alan Turing was the first to conceptualize the modern computer through his 1936 introduction of the Universal Turing Machine — a theoretical construct designed to read, write, and manipulate symbols on an infinite tape based on a set of logical rules. What made this idea groundbreaking was Turing’s realization that such a machine could simulate any other computational device, effectively laying the foundation for general-purpose computing. Though not a physical machine, it defined the very essence of computation and established the intellectual blueprint for every modern computer — proving that with the right instructions, one machine could perform any calculable task.
  75. Charles Babbage, a mathematician, philosopher, inventor, and mechanical engineer, is best remembered for originating the concept of a digital programmable computer in 1833 through his design of the Analytical Engine. This visionary machine featured components like an arithmetic logic unit, control flow via conditional branching and loops, and memory—core elements of modern computers. Inspired by the Jacquard loom, it was intended to be programmable using punched cards. Although never completed in his lifetime, the Analytical Engine laid the foundation for future computing. Ada Lovelace, who collaborated with Babbage, is credited with writing the first algorithm intended for such a machine, earning her recognition as the first computer programmer.
  76. The Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIC) is the first programmable general-purpose electronic digital computer built during World War II under a contract to the US Army by the School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania; the team lead by American physicist John Mauchly and American electrical engineer J. Presper Eckert, Jr.
  77. In 1945, ENIAC roared to life — a towering titan of wires and light, stretching 100 feet long and packed with 18,000 glowing tubes, each pulse a heartbeat in its electric soul. It drank power like a storm, dimming city lights in its wake, and though it weighed 30 tons, its mind was swift, crunching thousands of calculations in a blink. Engineers waged daily battle within its metallic maze, swapping tubes and soothing its mechanical moans. What once took rooms now fits in palms, but this gargantuan forebear etched the future — the ancestor of silicon dreams, where bytes now bloom.
  78. The US-built ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was the first electronic programmable computer built in the US. ENIAC, which had full operation in 1945, was huge, weighing 30 tons, using 200 kilowatts of electric power and contained over 18,000 vacuum tubes, 1,500 relays, and hundreds of thousands of resistors, capacitors, and inductors.
  79. Completed in 1945, ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was less a computer and more a mechanical behemoth — stretching over 100 feet, tipping the scales at 30 tons, and humming with nearly 18,000 vacuum tubes that glowed like a sci-fi cathedral. When this monster powered up, legend has it that lights flickered across Philadelphia — a citywide reminder of its enormous appetite for electricity. Despite its intimidating size, ENIAC was a revolutionary marvel, capable of performing thousands of calculations per second and redefining what machines could achieve. Maintaining it was a high-stakes game of technological whack-a-mole, with engineers constantly replacing burnt-out tubes and patrolling its labyrinthine insides. It’s surreal to think that this room-sized leviathan, once hailed as the future, has since been dwarfed by sleek, pocket-sized devices we casually tap today — a testament to how one bulky innovation rewired the trajectory of technology forever.
  80. The earliest electronic computers of the 1940s were massive machines that filled entire rooms and demanded enormous amounts of power. Below are a few iconic examples. These machines relied on vacuum tubes for processing, which were bulky, fragile, and power-hungry. The shift to transistors in the 1950s and later to integrated circuits revolutionized computing by drastically reducing size, cost, and energy use.
    • ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer): Completed in 1945, ENIAC was one of the first general-purpose electronic computers. It weighed over 30 tons, occupied about 1,800 square feet, and consumed around 150 kilowatts of electricity.
    • Colossus: Built in Britain during World War II to help break German codes, Colossus was also room-sized and used thousands of vacuum tubes, which were notorious for their heat and energy consumption.
    • Harvard Mark I: Though electromechanical rather than fully electronic, it was similarly large and complex, stretching over 50 feet long.
  81. Hewlett-Packard (HP), now recognized as one of the world's leading manufacturers of computers and computer peripherals, was famously founded in 1939 in a small garage in Palo Alto, California. This modest workspace, where Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard began building electronic equipment, is often celebrated as the birthplace of Silicon Valley. Their first product was an audio oscillator, which was notably used by Walt Disney Studios in the production of Fantasia. From that humble beginning, HP grew into a global tech powerhouse, helping to shape the modern computing industry.
  82. A computer with the processing power of the human brain would need to perform trillions — possibly even quadrillions — of operations per second to match the mind’s ability to handle countless simultaneous tasks, driven by its roughly 86 billion neurons and billions of synaptic connections. In terms of storage, estimates suggest the brain holds several terabytes to possibly petabytes of information, making it an extraordinary organ for encoding and recalling experiences, thoughts, and skills. What’s even more remarkable is the brain’s energy efficiency: it runs on just about 20 watts, roughly the power of a dim lightbulb, while outperforming even our most advanced machines in adaptability, multitasking, and learning.
  83. Computers are designed to execute instructions that break down into basic, repetitive tasks such as adding numbers, comparing values, and transferring data between memory locations. These operations are performed at lightning speeds using binary-coded machine language, which tells the processor exactly what to do, step by step. Even complex software — whether it's a video game, financial tool, or graphic design program — ultimately relies on billions of these simple instructions working together in harmony, forming a digital foundation where tiny computations build vast systems of functionality and interactivity.
  84. David Bradley, an engineer at IBM, played a key role in developing the ""Control-Alt-Delete" keyboard shortcut. He implemented it in the early 1980s while working on the original IBM PC project. The combination was designed as a quick way to reboot the computer during development and troubleshooting—without powering it off entirely. Interestingly, Bradley once joked that while he invented the key sequence, it was Bill Gates who made it famous, since it became widely used in Windows systems for accessing the Task Manager and handling system crashes. It's a great example of how a simple technical solution can become iconic in computing history.
    85.

Computer Systems Ranked No. 1


How, Who, What, When, Where & Why

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  152. How to Choose a Computer Monitor | Consumer Reports
  153. How to Choose the Best Computer Monitor
  154. How to Choose the Right Monitor for Your Computer
  155. How to Choose a Monitor for Photo Editing
  156. How to Choose a Monitor for Your Desk at Home
  157. How to Choose a Monitor for Personal Use
  158. How to Choose: Gaming Laptop Vs. Gaming Desktop | Intel
  159. How to Choose a Hard Drive?
  160. How to Pick the Right Monitor for Your PC
  161. How to Pick the Best Laptop for Your Needs
  162. How to Buy a PC Monitor
  163. How to Buy a Laptop | Best Buy
  164. How to Buy a Monitor
  165. How to Buy a Monitor - What to Look for and What to Expect Price
  166. How to Buy a Computer Mouse
  167. How to Buy the Best Desktop Computer for Your Needs
  168. How to Buy and Find the Best Cheap Laptop Computer Deals
  169. How to Buy a Used Computer
  170. How to Format a Hard Drive in Windows 7
  171. How to Format an External Hard Drive for Windows 10
  172. How to Format New Hard Drive on Windows 10
  173. How to Format a New HDD or SSD on Windows 10. (video)
  174. How to Format a Solid State Drive (SSD)
  175. How to Format a Hard Drive.
  176. How to Format or Partition an External Hard Drive for Mac.
  177. How to Quickly Format an SSD in Windows 7/8/10
  178. How to Partition and Format a Hard Drive in Windows.
  179. How to Troubleshoot the Laptop that Just Won't Start.
  180. How to Troubleshoot Power Issues on a Dell Laptop
  181. How to Erase and Format a Hard Drive.
  182. How to Erase a Hard Drive and Start Over.
  183. How to Free Up Disk Space on Your Computer
  184. How to Free Up More Space in Windows PC
  185. How to Connect a Bluetooth Device in Windows.
  186. How to Connect a Bluetooth Device with a Mac.
  187. How to Increase Battery Life of Laptop (2022)
  188. How to Increase Your Laptops Battery Life
  189. How to Increase a Laptop's Storage Space.
  190. How to Create or Modify a Partition in Microsoft Windows for Dell Computers
  191. How to Create or Remove a PIN in Windows 10
  192. How to Calibrate Laptop Battery for Windows 10
  193. How to Calibrate a New Laptop Battery
  194. How to Calibrate Dell Laptop Battery for Accurate Battery Life Estimate
  195. How to Recalibrate the Battery in Your Windows 10 Laptop
  196. How to Improve Laptop Battery Life
  197. How to Improve the Performance of a Dell Laptop Battery
  198. How to Perform an HP Laptop Battery Replacement
  199. How to Perform a Clean Install or Reinstall of Windows 10
  200. How to Clean up Your Windows Computer Hard Drive
  201. How to Clean Install Windows 10 and Create Boot Media
  202. How to Quickly and Cheaply Upgrade a Laptop or Tablet's Storage
  203. How to Recover External Hard Drive Without Formatting
  204. How to Take Screenshots in Windows 10
  205. How to Change the PIN in Windows 10
  206. How to Log in to Windows 10 Using a PIN instead of My Password
  207. How to Unlock Windows 10 with a PIN Code Instead of a Password
  208. How to Do a Clean Installation of Windows 10
  209. How to Select a Computer
  210. How to Protect Your Privacy in Chrome
  211. How to Treat your Child's Video Game Addiction
  212. How to Start Building Video Games
  213. How to Know When It's Time to Replace Your Laptop's Battery
  214. How to Remove the Battery from a Laptop Computer
  215. How to Swap Your iMac, Mac mini or MacBook CD/DVD
  216. How to Defer Windows Fall Creators Update
  217. How to Keep Computer Screens from Destroying Eyes
  218. How to Configure Outlook 2010: 13 Steps (with Pictures)
  219. How to Play DVDs in Windows 10 for Free
  220. How to Swap Your Laptop DVD Drive for an SSD or Hard Disk
  221. How to Transfer Fonts in Word
  222. How to Prevent Straggling Headings in Word
  223. How to Continue Numbering in Word Documents
  224. How to Change Style Gallery in Word
  225. How to Engrave Text in Your Word Documents
  226. How to Edit Hyperlink In MS Office
  227. How to Quickly Print Without Opening in Excel
  228. How to Copy VHS Movies to DVD
  229. How to Care for Your Laptop's Battery and Extend Its Life
  230. How to Find Administrator Password Windows 10
  231. How to Find Hard Disk Sector Size in Windows
  232. How to Survive a Hard Disk Failure
  233. How to Show Administrator Password Using CMD on Windows 10/8/7
  234. How to Start Programming in Python
  235. How to Code Snippets for HTML, CSS and JavaScript.
  236. How to Overclock Your CPU & Boost PC Performance
  237. How to Save Money on Your Next Laptop
  238. How to Turn on Bluetooth on Your Mac and Pair New Devices.
  239. How to Optimize Windows 10 for Better Performance.
  240. How to Screenshot on HP Laptop or Desktop Computers
  241. How to Control Devices Connected to Your WiFi to Ensure Privacy
  242. How to Enter BIOS Setup on Windows PCs
  243. How to Enable or Disable Quick Access Feature in Windows 11
  244. How to Make Windows 11 Faster for Good Performance
  245. How to Troubleshoot a Printer Printing Blank Pages: 10 Fixes
  246. How the World's First Computer Was Rescued From the Scrap Heap
  247. How the OS Has Changed Over Time
  248. How We Test Desktop PCs
  249. How Computers Evolved.
  250. How Microprocessors Work.
  251. How Does a Computer Work?.
  252. How Do Supercomputers Work?
  253. How Do Computers Work?.
  254. How Do Computers Actually Work?.
  255. How Do I Fix a Laptop that Won't Turn On?.
  256. How PCs Work
  257. How Mainframes Have Changed Over the Years.
  258. How Super High-Def Displays Change Everything.
    259. How Is Your PC Behaving?
  259. How Virtual Reality Works.
  260. How Google Is Leading the Way to a Voice-Activated Future.
  261. How Humble USB Turned Engineer Into Tech 'Rock Star'.
  262. How Apple Could Have Built a Cheaper iPhone 5C.
  263. How Microsoft Is Cutting Through the Noise to Create a More Useful, Beautiful 'Sound World'
  264. How Long Should A Laptop Last?
  265. How Long Should a Laptop Last
  266. How Long Should You Keep a Laptop
  267. How and When to Consider Upgrading Memory
  268. Who Invented the Computer?.
  269. Who Invented the Computer? | Turing
  270. What Is a Microprocessor? | Intel
  271. What Is a Microprocessor and How Does It Work?
  272. What Is a “Chipset”, and Why Should I Care?
  273. What Is the Big Idea Behind Ethereum's World Computer?
  274. What’s Next for the World’s Fastest Supercomputers
  275. What Is a Desktop Computer?
  276. What Is a Supercomputer?
  277. What Is a Supercomputer? Features, Importance, and Examples
  278. What Is Next for the World’s Fastest Supercomputers
  279. What Is the Difference Between Windows 10 and Windows 11?
  280. What Is the Difference Between an Intel Core i3, i5 and i7?
  281. What Is the Difference Between an Intel Core i3, i5, i7 and i9?
  282. What Is the Difference Between DDR3 and DDR4
  283. What Is the Difference Between DDR3 and DDR4 RAM? | howtogeek
  284. What Is the Difference Between DDR1, DDR2, DDR3, and DDR4 RAM Memory?
  285. What Is the Difference Between SDRAM, DDR1, DDR2, DDR3 and DDR4?
  286. What Is the Difference Between Processor and Microprocessor?
  287. What Is the Difference Between Microcontroller (µC) and Microprocessor (µP)?
  288. What Is a Difference Between Optical Mouse and Laser Mouse?
  289. What Is the Best Way to Get Rid of All These Old Hard Drives?
  290. What Was the First Netbook?
  291. What Are Supercomputers Currently Used for?
  292. What Are the Differences Between Optical Mouse and Laser Mouse?
  293. What Happened When I Switched from Macs to Windows
  294. What to Look for in an Antivirus Software
  295. What to Look for in a Gaming Monitor (2020) | Intel
  296. What to Look for in a Gaming Monitor
  297. What to Look for When Choosing a Monitor: A Complete Handbook
  298. What to Look for and What to Avoid When Buying a Laptop (2020)
  299. What to Do to Make an Old Laptop Last Longer
  300. What to Do If Your Laptop Is Plugged in But Not Charging
  301. What to Do If Your Computer Won't Turn on After a Power Surge
  302. What to Do If Second Hard Drive Not Detected in Windows 10
  303. What to Do If You're Still Running Windows 7
  304. When Is the Best Time to Buy a Computer?.
  305. Which Is Better Between DDR3 and DDR4 RAM
  306. Which Is Better Between Acer and Asus, and How to Choose a Right PC?
  307. Which OS Really Is the Best, macOS vs. Windows?
  308. Which Computer Should You Buy Between Laptop and Desktop
  309. Which Mouse Should I Choose Between Optical Mouse and Laser Mouse
  310. Which CPU Should You Choose Among Intel Core i3, i5 and i7?
  311. Which CPU Should You Buy Between Intel Core i5 and i7?
  312. Why Your New Hard Drive Isn't Showing Up in Windows?
  313. Why Traditional Antivirus Is Doomed?
  314. Why Next-Generation Computers May Not Be Based on Silicon?
  315. Why Is the CPU Speed Lower than It Should Be?
  316. Why Is My Laptop Battery Not Charging | HP®
  317. Why Is Printer Ink So Expensive?
  318. Why Samsung's Galaxy Will Never Beat Apple's iPhone?
  319. Why the Desktop PC Will Live Forever
  320. Why the Desktop PC Is Still Very Much Alive
  321. Why Desktop Computers Are Not Obsolete
  322. Why a Desktop PC Makes More Sense than a Laptop Today?
  323. Why Desktop Linux Still Matters?
  324. Why Does My Laptop Not Turn on?
  325. Why Won't My Laptop Turn on Even Though It's Plugged in?
  326. Why My Laptop Won't Turn on But Has Power?
  327. Why You Don't Need a Laptop Anymore
  328. Why Graphics Cards Cost So Much Right Now
  329. Why and How Calibrate Laptop Battery in Windows 10/11
  330. Why Does My Computer Blue Screen?
  331. Why You Shouldn’t Worry About Windows 10’s End Date

Computers Hardware & Software

▷ Computers Forum
Discussion Forum .

▷ Software
  1. Computer Software
  2. Computer Games
  3. The Art of Programming
  4. The Evolution of Computers and Software.
  5. The Evolution of Computer Hardware and Software. | r-type.org
  6. The Evolving Virus Threat.
  7. Input & Output.
  8. Computer Software - Origin of Computer Software.
  9. The Evolution of Computers and Software.
  10. Software.
  11. Operating Systems:
  12. Comparison of Operating Systems.
  13. Introducing Microsoft Windows 11
  14. Use Windows 11 like a Pro
  15. Windows 11 vs. Windows 10: Major Differences You'll Want to Know
  16. Difference Between Windows 11 and Windows 10
  17. Windows 11 vs. Windows 10: Should You Upgrade?
  18. Windows 11 vs Windows 10: Performance, Gaming, Features Differences
  19. From Windows 1 to Windows 10: 29 Years of Windows Evolution
  20. Windows 10 vs. MacOS vs. Chrome OS
  21. Apple Mac OS vs. Microsoft Windows 10
  22. macOS vs. Windows 10
  23. Windows, Mac, or Linux?
  24. Mac vs PC: Difference and Comparison
  25. Microsoft Windows 8
  26. Microsoft Windows 8 Review
  27. Microsoft Windows 8.1 Review
  28. Is It Time to Start Planning for the End of Windows 7?
  29. End of Support Is Coming for Windows 7
  30. Vista Sharing Issues ...more
  31. macOS
  32. List of Mac OS Versions
  33. Microsoft 365 Personal Review
  34. Microsoft Office Professional 2021 Review
  35. Microsoft Office 2019 Review
  36. Office 2021 vs. Microsoft 365
  37. Overview of Disk Management.
  38. Computer Languages:
  39. Comparison of Programming Languages
  40. ENIAC Programmers
  41. Data (Computing).
  42. Database.
  43. Executable.
  44. Instruction Set.
  45. Google Chrome
  46. Execution (Computing).
  47. Real-Time Computing.
  48. Computer Program.
  49. Touch Screen.
  50. Get into Python
  51. Python for Beginners
  52. Learning Python
  53. Python Getting Started
  54. Learning Enough Python to Land a Job
  55. Java Tutorial
  56. JavaScript Tutorial
  57. Most Popular Software for PCs & Laptops
  58. Computer and Technology Company Contacts
  59. Malware and Computer Virus Facts & FAQs
  60. Steps to Recover Deleted, Unsaved or Corrupted PDF File
  61. Video Gaming in the United States
  62. Women and Video Games
  63. Windows DVD Movie Maker:
  64. The Pros and Cons of Microsoft Teams
  65. Best Browser Software
  66. List and Comparison of Web Browsers
  67. Comparison of Antivirus Software
  68. The Best Antivirus Protection
  69. The Best Antivirus Software | CNET
  70. Best Antivirus Software
  71. List of Top Antivirus Software
  72. Protect my PC from Viruses
  73. The Best Free Software
  74. The Best PC Software for Windows Computer
  75. The Best Open Source Software
  76. Watch Out for Dirty Tricks from Discounted Software Resellers
  77. 8 Things to Remember Before You Clean Install Windows
  78. 8 Facts Every Computer Programmer Should Know.
  79. 10 Top iOS Shortcuts and Gestures.
  80. 10 Things You Didn't Know About Programming.
  81. 15 Top Best PC Software for Windows 10, 8, 7
  82. 30 Essential Pieces of Free (and Open) Software for Windows.
  83. 30+ Best Software & Programs for Windows 10 PC.
  84. 35 Top Free Apps for Windows 10.
  85. 50 Best Windows 10 Apps to Use.
  86. 101 Most Popular Software Downloads of All Time
▷ Hardware
  1. Using El Capitan Systems: Hardware Overview
  2. El Capitan: World's Most Powerful Supercomputer for U.S. Nuclear Security and AI Research
  3. Google's Sycamore Quantum Computer Chip Can Now Outperform the Fastest Supercomputers
  4. Calculator Revolution.
  5. The Cray-1 Supercomputer - CHM Revolution
  6. Mainframe Computers.
  7. The First Mainframes - CHM Revolution.
  8. Intel® Core™ Processor Family.
  9. Punched Cards Revolution.
  10. Intel® Processor Numbers: Laptop, Desktop, and Mobile Device.
  11. Intel® Processors for Servers, PCs, IoT, and Mobile Devices.
  12. The 11th Gen Intel® Core™ Desktop Product Brief
  13. The 10th Gen Intel® Core™ Desktop Processors
  14. The 9th Generation Intel® Core™ Desktop Processors
  15. The 8th Generation Intel® Core™ Desktop Processor Family Product Brief
  16. The 7th Gen Intel® Core™ Desktop Processors Product Brief
  17. The 6th Gen Intel® Core™ Desktop Processor Product Brief
  18. Best Intel Processor: Core i3, i5, i7 and i9 Explained.
  19. Difference Between DDR3 and DDR4
  20. DDR4 SDRAM - DDR3 SDRAM - DIMM Variants | Wikipedia
  21. Best Processor: Intel and AMD (2019).
  22. Best Laptop Processor: Laptop CPUs Compared (2019).
  23. Microprocessor Chips - An Overview.
  24. Introduction of Microprocessor.
  25. Introduction to Intel® Architecture
  26. The Surprising Story of the First Microprocessors
  27. Microcontroller vs Microprocessor
  28. Difference Between Microprocessor and Microcontroller
  29. The Difference Between a CPU & a Microprocessor
  30. Central Processing Unit (CPU).
  31. Understanding All Voltage Configurations from the Motherboard
  32. On-Package PCH, The First Single Chip Haswell
  33. Intel 9 Series Chipset Platform Controller Hub (PCH)
  34. Intel Chipset Platform Controller Hub (PCH)
  35. PCIe CPU and PCH? - CPUs, Motherboards, and Memory
  36. PC Benchmark and Diagnostics.
  37. PC Benchmark.
  38. Fifth Generation Computer
  39. Next-Generation Computing Paradigms
  40. Smaller, Faster, Cheaper, Over: The Future of Computer Chips
  41. The World's Fastest Supercomputer Breaks an AI Record
  42. Intel Core i7 vs. Core i9
  43. Intel Core i7 vs. Intel Core i9: How to Decide
  44. Intel Core i7 vs Intel Core i9 Differences & Performance
  45. Intel Core i9-9900KS Review
  46. Intel Core i9: Price, Release Date, Specs, Features and FAQs
  47. Comparing Intel i3, i5 and i7 Processors
  48. Best Computer Processors (2021)
  49. USB 2.0 vs. USB 3.0. - FireWire vs USB
  50. Laptop vs. Notebook. - Laptop vs. Tablet.
  51. Mac vs. PC. - 10 Differences Between Macs and PCs.
  52. Computer Power Usage.
  53. Portable Computer Devices: Apple iPod - Apple iPad - Apple iPhone - SmartPhone - Amazon Kindle - Amazon Kindle Fire - Tablet - GPS - PDA - MP3.
  54. Wonder About Computer Chips & Processors.
  55. Intel Microprocessors.
  56. AMD Chips.
  57. GPU Database
  58. Programmed Data Processor (PDP).
  59. Computer Architecture.
  60. Computer Hardware.
  61. AMD Processor & Intel Processor
  62. Computer Microprocessors/Central Processing Units (CPUs):
▷ Computer Facts
  1. List of Fastest Computers
  2. List of Powerful Computers in 2024
  3. List of Powerful Computers in 2023
  4. Distribution of Supercomputers in the TOP500 List by Country (as of November 2024)
  5. El Capitan Beats Frontier to Become World’s Fastest Supercomputer
  6. El Capitan Achieves Top Spot, Frontier and Aurora Follow Behind
  7. Frontier Keeps Top Spot, But Aurora Officially Becomes the Second Exascale Machine
  8. ORNL Celebrates Launch of Frontier – The World’s Fastest Supercomputer
  9. 1.1 Quintillion Operations per Second: US Has World’s Fastest Supercomputer
  10. World’s Biggest Quantum Computers Made in China - IEEE Spectrum
  11. World's Fastest Supercomputers Are Helping to Sharpen Climate Forecasts and Design New Materials
  12. The World's Most Powerful Computer Is Still in China
  13. The World’s Fastest Supercomputer Is Back in America
  14. Surprise! China Beats US, Gets Fastest Computers in the World
  15. The US Again Has the World's Most Powerful Supercomputer
  16. U.S. Falling Behind China in Battle for Supercomputer Superiority
  17. The Mystery of Tianhe-3, the World’s Fastest Supercomputer, Solved?
  18. China's Secretive Tianhe 3 Supercomputer Uses Homegrown Hybrid CPU — Rivals US Systems With 1.57 Exaflops of Performance
  19. China's Photonic Quantum Computer Is 180 Million Times Faster Says 'Father of Quantum'
  20. China Claims Fastest Quantum Computer in the World
  21. China Claims It's Achieved 'Quantum Supremacy' With the World's Fastest Quantum Computer
  22. China Builds World's Most Powerful Computer
  23. China Builds World's Fastest Supercomputer | IEEE Spectrum
  24. China Tops Supercomputer Rankings with New 93-Petaflop Machine
  25. China Develops Record-breaking 504-Qubit Quantum Computer Tianyan-504
  26. China PLA's Supercomputer Tops Global Rankings, Clocks 6,320 MTEPS/W
  27. China Now Has More Supercomputers Than Any Other Country
  28. China Is Home to the World's Most Powerful Supercomputer
  29. Sunway TaihuLight Supercomputer
  30. Computers Are Becoming Faster and Faster, ...
  31. Computer Speeds from Instruction Mixes pre-1960 to 1971
  32. Fastest Computer | Guinness World Records
  33. Virtual Machine.
  34. Minicomputers Revolution.
  35. Analog Computers Revolution.
  36. Personal Computers Revolution.
  37. Supercomputer: Definition, Characteristics, Examples, & Facts
  38. Supercomputing and Exascale
  39. Supercomputers by Country
  40. Supercomputers Development.
  41. Supercomputers Revolution.
  42. Supercomputer Fugaku - Supercomputer Fugaku, A64FX 48C 2.2GHz, Tofu Interconnect D
  43. Supercomputer Frontier - HPE Cray EX235a, AMD Optimized 3rd Generation EPYC 64C 2GHz, AMD Instinct MI250X, Slingshot-11
  44. Supercomputer Summit - IBM Power System AC922, IBM POWER9 22C 3.07GHz, NVIDIA Volta GV100, Dual-rail Mellanox EDR Infiniband
  45. Supercomputer Summit | DOE/SC/Oak Ridge National Laboratory
  46. Supercomputer Sunway TaihuLight | National Supercomputing Center in Wuxi
  47. Supercomputer Tianhe-2 (MilkyWay-2) | National University of Defense Technology
  48. Supercomputer Titan | Oak Ridge National Laboratory
  49. Gadi Supercomputer
  50. Google Uncovers How Quantum Computers Can Beat
  51. U.S. Retakes Top Spot in Supercomputer Race
  52. Printer - Definition, Types, & Facts
  53. Networking Revolution.
  54. Mobile Computing Revolution.
  55. An Understanding of Computers.
  56. An Understanding of Minicomputers.
  57. An Understanding of Mainframe Computers.
  58. An Understanding of Computer Cluster.
  59. Report on the Sunway TaihuLight System
  60. Meet the New World's Fastest Supercomputer: China's TaihuLight
  61. The Best Mini PCs in 2025 Tested and Reviewed
  62. Formatting Disks and Drives.
  63. Extend a Basic Volume for Hard Drive
  64. Global PC Sales 2009-2019.
  65. China Builds World's Most Powerful Computer.
  66. Warhol & the Computer.
  67. Birth of the Computer.
  68. The Invention of Desktop Computers.
  69. Invention of the Personal Computer.
  70. Vintage Computer that Helped Launch the Apple Empire Is Being Sold at Auction
  71. A Chat with Computing Pioneer Steve Wozniak
  72. Steve Jobs: Steve Wozniak Remembers
  73. The Story Behind Apple's Success.
  74. Jobs' Apple-1 Computer Prototype Auctioned for Nearly $700K - August 2022
  75. Auction of Apple's First Computer Expected to Top $160k - November 2010
  76. First Apple Computer Fetches £130,000 at Auction - November 2010
  77. Macintosh 128K | Wikipedia
  78. The Apple-1
  79. Apple Is Now the First Public Company to Be Valued at $3 Trillion
  80. Apple's Original Computer Fetches $400,000 at US Auction - November 2021
  81. Apple: The First 30 Years.
  82. Apple I Replica Creation -- Chapter 1: Apple I History
  83. Apple IIe Owner's Guide
  84. Apple II Personal Computer.
  85. Apple's Enhanced Computer, the Apple IIe
  86. Apple IIe
  87. Apple II: The Computer that Sparked a Revolution
  88. Apple I For Sale
  89. Apple 1 Registry
  90. Apple I - Operational Manual
  91. Apple I
  92. Apple 1 Case
  93. Apple Developed New Computers
  94. Apple Inc.
  95. April 11, 1976: Apple Releases Its First Computer
  96. From the Rosen Electronics Letter / IBM's Impact on Microcomputer Manufacturers
  97. IBM Personal Computer.
  98. IBM 5100 PC.
  99. NeXT Computers.
  100. The Wang 2200
  101. Most Important Computer Companies in 1995
  102. Top Computer Systems
  103. Top 12 Computers of 1984
  104. Personal Computers.
  105. Sub-notebook
  106. Workstation.
  107. Desktop Computer.
  108. Laptop
  109. Ultrabook
  110. Notebook
  111. Tablet vs. Netbook vs. Laptop
  112. Desktop Computer vs. Laptop Computer
  113. Advantages and Disadvantages of Laptop and Desktop
  114. Advantages and Disadvantages of Laptops
  115. Advantages and Disadvantages of macOS
  116. Printers and Scanners: Types and Introduction to Printers
  117. Printers vs. Scanners
  118. Evolution of Printers
  119. Evolution of Computer Systems.
  120. The Evolution of Computers Since the 1930s.
  121. The Evolution of Computers.
  122. The Evolution of Computing
  123. The Evolution of Computer Systems Architectures.
  124. The Evolution of Computers in Society.
  125. The Evolution of Computer Science in One Infographic.
  126. The Evolution of Printers and Copiers
  127. The First Personal Computers: 1973 to 1981.
  128. Early Computer Companies.
  129. Large Computer Systems and New Architectures
  130. The Computer Age and the Inventor.
  131. Computer Graphics, Music, and Art.
  132. Computer Facts.
  133. Computer Terminal.
  134. Computer Memory & Storage Revolution.
  135. Early Electronic Computers (1946-51).
  136. Generations of Computers.
  137. Introduction to Computer
  138. Phenomenal Facts on Computers
  139. Kenbak-1 Computer System
  140. Kenbak-1 Programming Reference Manual
  141. Kenbak-1 Laboratory Exercises
  142. Kenbak-1 Theory of Operation
  143. A Computer Pioneer Rediscovered, 50 Years on.
  144. 5 Generations of Computers
  145. 5 Top Computer Companies in USA
  146. 8 Most Powerful Computers in the World
  147. 9 Most Powerful Supercomputers
  148. 10 Most Powerful Supercomputers in the World
  149. 10 Fastest Supercomputers in the World
  150. 10 Top Computer Manufacturing Companies in the World
  151. 10 Top Most Powerful Supercomputers in the World
  152. 10 Interesting Facts About Computers.
  153. 10 Facts About Charles Babbage, Victorian Computer Pioneer
  154. 10 Crazy Facts About Printers
  155. 13 Most Powerful Supercomputers in the World
  156. 13 Top Fastest and Most Powerful Supercomputer's in the World (video)
  157. 14 Best Chinese Laptops
  158. 14 Supercomputers that Once Held the Title of Most Powerful in the World
  159. 20 Surprising Computer Facts.
  160. 21 Fastest Supercomputers in the World
  161. 60+ Cool Computer Facts
▷ History, Guides & Tips
  1. Timeline of Computer History
  2. Timeline of Computer History in 1960's
  3. List of Windows Operating System Versions & History
  4. The Modern History of Computing
  5. A Short History of Software.
  6. A Visual History of Windows
  7. A History of Windows.
  8. A History of Microsoft Windows
  9. A Brief History of Windows from 1985 to Present Day
  10. A Brief History of Windows Operating System
  11. A Brief History of Microsoft and Accessibility
  12. Apple Operating System History
  13. Apple Turns 40: Reflecting on Four Decades of History.
  14. Microsoft Windows History
  15. Microsoft Windows Evolutionary History Since Windows 1.0
  16. Software & Languages - Timeline of Computer History.
  17. Introduction to Software History.
  18. History of Microsoft: Timeline and Facts.
  19. History of Software
  20. History of Microsoft Windows
  21. History of Microsoft DOS.
  22. History of Computers - From the Abacus to the iPhone.
  23. History of Laptop Computers.
  24. History of Computer Science.
  25. History of Supercomputing
  26. History of Computers. | Thoughtco
  27. History of Computers | URI.edu
  28. History of Computer | Javatpoint
  29. History of Computers: A Brief Timeline
  30. History Timeline of Computers
  31. History of Computer and Its Generations
  32. History of Mac Computers.
  33. History of Apple Computers
  34. History of Apple: Facts and Latest Developments.
  35. History of Apple: The Story of Steve Jobs and the Company.
  36. History of Computer Printers
  37. History of Printing Timeline
  38. History, Timeline, and Evolution of Computer Printers
  39. A Brief History of Computer.
  40. A Brief History of Software.
  41. A Brief History of Software Development.
  42. A Brief History of Bill Gates: From Microsoft to Today
  43. A Brief History of Computing.
  44. A Brief History of Apple Inc.
  45. The Brief History of the ENIAC Computer
  46. The History of the Xbox
  47. The History of the Personal Computer.
  48. The History and Significance of Software
  49. The History of Modern Computers and the Inventors.
  50. The History of Apple Computers.
  51. The History of Cray
  52. The History of Supercomputers
  53. A Nod to the History of IT in Việt Nam
  54. Computer Changed History
  55. Computers - Timeline of Computer History.
  56. Computer History Museum: Celebrating 35 Years!
  57. Computing Basics: History of Computers
  58. Computer History: 2022, 2015, 2012, 1997 & 1986
  59. Computer History.
  60. Today in Apple History: Apple-1 Starts a Revolution
  61. Today in Apple History: The First Apple II Ships
  62. Mainframe History.
  63. Introduction to Software History.
  64. Video Game History - Timeline & Facts
  65. The Turing Archive for the History of Computing.
  66. The Modern History of Computing.
  67. The Evolution Of Printers: A Brief History and Innovations
  68. Timeline of Computer History
  69. Computer Memory Upgrade Guide
  70. Computer History: All About the ENIAC
  71. Computer History from B.C. to Today.
  72. Computers Changed History.
  73. Computer - History of Computing.
  74. Computer Monitor Buying Guide.
  75. Computer Beginners Guide.
  76. Computer Buying Guide | Consumer Reports
  77. Computer Basics Tips and Tricks
  78. Computer Tips & Tricks | Techspot
  79. Computer Tips & Tricks Everyone Should Know
  80. Computer Tips and Tricks - FAQs
  81. Computer Tips & Computer Tricks
  82. Computer Tips Archives
  83. Computer Safety Tips
  84. Laptop Reviews - Buying Guide and Top Picks
  85. Laptop Buying Guide
  86. Laptop Reviews, Ratings and Buying Guides
  87. Dell Latitude Memory Compatibility Guide
  88. Use Your Computer From Anywhere: A Guide to Remote Controlling Your PC.
  89. Monitor Buying Guide | Best Buy.
  90. The Best Windows 11 Tips and Tricks
  91. Best Computer Tips and Tricks
  92. Microsoft Edge Tips.
  93. Microsoft Office Quick Starts
  94. Microsoft Windows 10 Tips
  95. Microsoft Software Tips for Laptops and Desktops
  96. Windows 11 Guides
  97. Windows 11 Quick Reference Guide
  98. Windows 11: The Ultimate Tips Guide
  99. Windows 10 Overview and Tips
  100. Hidden Tricks Inside Windows 10
  101. Tools, Tips, Tricks and Apps for PC Gamer
  102. A Complete Guide to Microsoft Office
  103. Adobe Acrobat User Guide
  104. Adobe Acrobat DC Guide
  105. A Quick Guide to Photoshop Tools & Functions
  106. A Simple Guide to Using Opt-in Forms and Landing Pages
  107. Beginner’s Guide to Creating a Powerful Squeeze Page
  108. 4 Tips to Change Windows 10 Password without Knowing the Current Password
  109. 5 Useful Windows Tips & Tricks.
  110. 5 Troubleshooting Tips for Fixing a Computer.
  111. 7 Tips to Improve Battery Life on Windows 11.
  112. 7 New Tips and Tricks to Make Windows 11 More Useful
  113. 9 Tips for Longer Laptop Battery Life
  114. 10 Top Computer Tricks.
  115. 10 Tips to Make Your Computer Run Faster.
  116. 11 Tips to Help You Fix the Windows 10/11 Blue Screen Error
  117. 12 Tips to Speed Up Windows 10
  118. 13 Best Windows 11 Tips and Tricks
  119. 15 Computer Tips and Tricks (video).
  120. 16 Fun Facts About the History of Computers
  121. 19 Fun Pieces of Computer History from the Museum of Interesting Things
  122. 19 Slick Xbox One Tips and Tricks.
  123. 19 Tips and Tricks to Increase PC Performance on Windows 10
  124. 20 Tips and Tricks for Windows 11
  125. 51 Brilliant Windows 10 Tips and Tricks
  126. 59 Best Computer Tips & Tricks
Computer Review

  1. Apple iMac 24-Inch Review
  2. Best MacBook
  3. Apple MacBook Pro
  4. Apple MacBook Pro 14-inch and MacBook Pro 16-inch
  5. Apple MacBook Pro 13-inch
  6. Apple MacBook Pro (13-inch) Review
  7. Apple MacBook Pro (15-inch) Review | Techradar
  8. Apple MacBook Pro 15-inch Review | Macworld
  9. Apple MacBook Pro 13-inch with Touch Bar Review
  10. Apple MacBook Air 13-inch
  11. Apple MacBook Air (12.8 x 9 x 0.11-0.68 inches) Laptop Review
  12. Apple MacBook Pro Review
  13. Apple Desktop PC Reviews
  14. Acer Aspire R13 Laptop Review
  15. Acer Aspire R7 Laptop Review
  16. Acer Aspire E15 Series (E5-573G-7034) Laptop Review
  17. Acer Aspire E15 Touch (E5-571P-363N) Laptop Review
  18. Acer Nitro 50 Desktop Review
  19. Acer Aspire T Desktop Review
  20. Asus Laptop Review
  21. Asus Transformer Book T100HA Review 1 - 2
  22. Asus Transformer Book Flip TP200SA Review
  23. Asus Chromebook Flip C100 Review
  24. Asus Z170-Deluxe Laptop Review
  25. Asus ZenBook UX305FA Review
  26. Asus ZenBook Pro UX501 Review
  27. Asus Chromebook Flip C100 Laptop Review
  28. Asus ROG G751JY-DH71 Laptop Review
  29. Asus G751JL Laptop Review
  30. Asus Transformer Book T100 Chi review
  31. Asus Transformer Book T300 Chi (Signature Edition) Review
  32. Asus ZenBook UX305 Laptop PC Review
  33. Dell Laptop Rating and Review
  34. Dell Precision M3800 Laptop Review
  35. Dell Latitude 14 7000 (E7450) Laptop Review
  36. Dell Latitude 13 7000 Series
  37. Inspiron 15 5000 Series Laptop Review
  38. Dell Inspiron 14 5000 Series Review
  39. Dell Inspiron 14 7000 Series Review
  40. Dell XPS 15Review
  41. Dell XPS 13 (Nontouch) Review 1 - 2
  42. Gateway Notebook/Laptop Ratings and Review
  43. Gateway NE72206u Laptop Review
  44. Gateway NV5214u Laptop Review
  45. Gateway P-7805u FX Laptop Review
  46. Gateway MD7818u Laptop Review
  47. HP Reviews, Ratings, and Pricing
  48. HP EliteBook 1020 (12.2 x 8.27 x 0.62 inches) Laptop Review
  49. HP Elite x2 1011 Laptop Review
  50. HP Spectre x360 Laptop Review
  51. HP Pavilion x360 13 Laptop Review
  52. HP ZBook 14 G2 Review
  53. HP ZBook 15 G2 Review
  54. HP Pavilion x360 11T Review
  55. HP 870-244 Review
  56. HP 15t Touch Review
  57. Lenovo Yoga 3 Pro Hybrid Laptop Review
  58. Lenovo Yoga 3 14 Laptop Review
  59. Lenovo LaVie Z 360 Laptop Review
  60. Lenovo LaVie Z Laptop Review
  61. Lenovo Y50 Touch 4K Laptop Review
  62. LG UltraPC (Model 13Z940) Laptop Review
  63. LG Z360 Full HD Ultrabook Review
  64. LG Gram Ultra PC Review
  65. Microsoft Wireless Comfort Desktop 5050 Review
  66. Microsoft Wireless Desktop 850 Review
  67. Microsoft Surface Pro 6 Review
  68. Microsoft 10-inch Surface Review
  69. Microsoft Surface Pro 6 Review
  70. Microsoft Surface Pro 6 Review: Pricey, Battery Life
  71. Microsoft Surface Pro 6 Review & Rating
  72. Microsoft Surface Pro Review
  73. Microsoft Surface Pro Review: Still Worth Buying?
  74. Which Microsoft Surface Should I Buy?
  75. Microsoft Surface Laptop Review: The Best Value Laptop?
  76. MSI Infinite X Gaming Desktop Review - TechSpot
  77. MSI PE60 Prestige Laptop Review
  78. MSI GT80 Titan Review
  79. MSI GT70 Dominator 2PC Laptop Review
  80. MSI GS70 Stealth Laptop Review
  81. MSI GE62 Apache Laptop Review
  82. MSI GT72 Dominator Pro Laptop Review
  83. Samsung ATIV Book 9 Laptop Review
  84. Sony Laptop Review
  85. Sony VAIO Flip 15 Laptop Review
  86. Sony VAIO Pro 13 Laptop Review
  87. Sony VAIO Duo 13 Laptop Review
  88. Sony VAIO Pro 11 Laptop Review
  89. Toshiba Satellite C55D-B5294 Laptop Review: 1 - 2 - 3
  90. Toshiba Kirabook Laptop Review
  91. Toshiba Satellite L55-B5294 Laptop Review
  92. Toshiba Satellite C55D-B5242 Laptop Review
  93. Toshiba Brushed Black 15.6″ Satellite C55DT-C5230X Laptop PC Review
  94. Toshiba Satellite C70D-CBT2N11 Laptop Review
  95. Toshiba Black 15.6″ Satellite C655D-S5518 Laptop PC Review
  96. Toshiba Brushed Black 17.3″ Satellite C75D-C7232 Laptop PC Review
  97. Toshiba Jet Black 15.6″ Satellite C55D-B5295 Laptop PC Review
  98. Toshiba Black 15.6″ Satellite C55DT-C5230 Laptop PC Review
  99. HP EliteBook 8460p Review and and Part Removal/Repacement (Video)
  100. HP Computer Self-Repair Services
  101. New Computer Products and Services Reviews | PC Magazine
  102. Product Reviews - Phone, Computer, Electronics | CNET
  103. Best Computer Reviews | Consumer Reports
  104. Computers and Peripherals - Reviews, Recommendations and Test | Toptenreviews.com
  105. Computer Products Reviews | Wired
  106. Best Computer Reviews | Consumer Reports
  107. Electronic Products Reviews | ZDNet
  108. Best Rated in Desktop Computers & Helpful Customer Reviews
  109. Desktop Reviews | Digital Trends
  110. Desktop Reviews | CNET
  111. Desktop PC Reviews | The Verge
  112. Desktop Review Archives | Notebook Reviews
  113. Desktop Reviews | ECA Risk Management
  114. Best Desktop Computers (2019) | PCMag.com
  115. Best PC | TechRadar
  116. Best PC | Expert Reviews
  117. Virtual Desktop Review
  118. Best Mini Desktop PCs | Wirecutter
  119. Chrome Remote Desktop Review | Lifewire
  120. Best All-in-One Computers
  121. Best Desktop Mac | Macworld UK
  122. Best Desktop PC
  123. Notebook / Laptop Reviews
  124. Best Laptops | PCMag
  125. Laptop Reviews | Digital Trends
  126. Laptop Reviews | CNET
  127. Laptop Reviews | The Verge
  128. Laptops Reviews | ech Advisor
  129. Laptops: Reviews | Wirecutter
  130. Laptops Reviews | NDTV
  131. Laptop | Trusted Reviews
  132. Laptop Reviews | Good Housekeeping
  133. Laptop Reviews | UltrabookReview.com
  134. Laptops & Tablets Reviews | Gizmodo
  135. Laptop Reviews | Choice
  136. Laptop Reviews | Which
  137. Laptop Computers & Notebook Reviews
  138. Laptops Reviews Articles | Tom's Hardware
  139. Best Laptops Review: Premium Laptops, Cheap Laptops, 2-in-1s.
  140. Best Laptops Review | CNET
  141. Best Laptops Review
  142. 10 Top Laptops
  143. Xbox Series X Review

News, Outlooks, Info & Facts

  1. Microsoft OpenAI Computer Is World's 5th Most Powerful Computer
  2. Microsoft Settles Botnet Case Against Chinese Site.
  3. Microsoft Reveals New Upgrade Warning for 850 Million Windows Users
  4. Microsoft Extends Windows 10 Support With 400 Million PCs at Risk
  5. Microsoft’s New Update—Bad News Confirmed for 400 Million Windows Users
  6. Microsoft Informs 400 Million Windows 10 Users About Upgrade Risks and Deadlines
  7. Microsoft Windows Deadline—900 Million Users Need to Upgrade Before Time Runs Out
  8. Microsoft: All Things Must End … Even Windows 10
  9. Microsoft Will Drop Support for Windows 10 by 2025
  10. Your Windows 10 PC Can't Be Upgraded? You Have 5 Options Before Support Ends in 2025
  11. The Most Powerful Supercomputers in the World – and What They Do
  12. The World's Most Powerful Supercomputers
  13. The World's Most Powerful Computers
  14. The US Again Has the World’s Most Powerful Supercomputer
  15. The Fastest Laptops
  16. The Best Laptops for 2024
  17. The Best Laptops of 2024 | NYT
  18. The Best Laptops to Work and Play Wherever You Are
  19. The Best Laptop 2024: Top Portable Picks for All Budgets
  20. The Best Times to Buy a Computer | USNews
  21. The Best Time to Buy a Computer
  22. The Best Time to Buy a Laptop
  23. The Best Place to Buy a Laptop
  24. The Best 1080p Monitors for Work and Gaming
  25. The Best Wireless Keyboard and Mouse
  26. The Best All-in-One Printers
  27. The Best Printers in 2024: Tested and Rated
  28. M1 MacBook Pro Price & Specs
  29. MacBook Pro
  30. Things You Need to Look for When Buying a New Computer
  31. Honeywell and Its Most Powerful Quantum Computer
  32. Japanese Supercomputer Is Crowned World's Speediest
  33. Apple: Brand Report Card
  34. Apple Announces Mac Transition to Apple Silicon
  35. Apple Recalls Some MacBook Pro Laptops Due to Fire Hazard
  36. Apple CEO Who Fired Steve Jobs: 'I wish I had hired him back'
  37. Future of Computers: What to Expect from Next Generation
  38. Transforming Biology to Design Nnext-Generation Computers
  39. Video Games & Violence (Infographics)
  40. Video Game Designers Statistics
  41. Video Game Addiction Statistics
  42. Violent Video Games: Myths, Facts, and Unanswered Questions
  43. Video Game Addiction Statistics - Facts, Percentages
  44. Video Game Industry Statistics - Infographic
  45. Video Game Industry Statistics, Trends and Data | Gamefid
  46. Video Game Industry Statistics, Trends & Data
  47. Essential Facts About the Computer and Video Game
  48. Digital Video Game Trends and Stats
  49. Made in America: Computer and Electronic Products
  50. Will Desktops Eventually Become Obsolete?
  51. Set the Number of CPUs to Speed up a Slow PC
  52. Understanding Dell's Choice of Partitions
  53. MailStore – Your eMail Backup Solution
  54. Is My Computer Too Hot?
  55. Reimage Repair Revisited
  56. Logitech Wireless Wave Combo MK550 Review
  57. HP Wireless Elite Keyboard and Mouse Combo Review
  58. IOGear Long Range 2.4 GHz Review
  59. Solved Laptop Battery Not Charging
  60. Adobe Issues Emergency Flash Player Fix
  61. Ada Lovelace - Life, Facts & Computer Program
  62. Alan Turing: The Codebreaker Who Saved 'Millions of Lives'.
  63. Alan Turing, Codebreaker and Computer Pioneer.
  64. Intel’s Latest Chips: It’s All About (Low) Power.
  65. Scientists Dubious of Quantum Claims.
  66. Scary New Malware Targets Android Phones, Steals Images, Reconstructs Rooms
  67. The Incredible Story of the First PC, from 1965.
  68. From Analytical Engine to Electronic Digital Computer.
  69. The Chip that Jack Kilby Built
  70. A Computer Pioneer Rediscovered, 50 Years On
  71. Early Electronic Computers (1946-51)
  72. Wireless Bridges for Networking.
  73. Easy Fixes for Six Common Laptop Problems.
  74. An Comparison of Power Usage of Desktop, Notebook, and Netbook Computers.
  75. The 30-Year-Old Macintosh and a Lost Conversation With Steve Jobs.
  76. The Engelbart Hypothesis: Dialogs with Douglas Engelbart, "Father of the Mouse".
  77. Tablets and Tablet PCs Review
  78. Windows 8.1 Review: Start's Return Cheered by Some but Problems Remain.
  79. Windows PC Users Should Uninstall QuickTime Immediately
  80. Forgot Windows 10 Local Administrator Password - Remove with Command Prompt
  81. Forgot Windows 10 Local Password But Remember PIN
  82. Change or Reset Windows Password
  83. Reset Windows 10 Local Account Password
  84. Quick Fix: Second Hard Drive Not Detected in Windows 10
  85. Fix Windows 10 Doesn't Recognize or Detect Second Hard
  86. Was Control-Alt-Delete a Mistake?
  87. Stanford Team Develops First Computer Using Only Carbon Nanotube Transistors.
  88. One Reason Apple Is Hard to Beat.
  89. The Engineering Daring that Led to the First Chinese Personal Computer
  90. Personal Computer (PC) Sales Fall for Fifth Year in a Row
  91. PC Sales Declined Again ...
  92. Regulators Shut Down Global PC 'Tech Support' Scam.
  93. Desktop VS Laptop: Which One to Get? See Pros and Cons to Decide!
  94. Best Desktop Computers
  95. Best Desktop PC
  96. Best Laptop
  97. Best Laptop | Trusted Reviews
  98. Best Cheap Laptops
  99. Best PC Games
  100. Best PC Games to Play
  101. Best Gaming Monitors | PC Gamer
  102. Best MacBook
  103. Best Acer Laptop
  104. Best MSI Laptop
  105. Best Computer for Photo Editing
  106. Best Things to Know About Cheap Computers
  107. Best Cheap Laptop Deals
  108. Best Laptop | CNN
  109. Best Student Laptops
  110. Best & Worst Laptop Brands
  111. Acer: Brand Report Card
  112. MSI: Brand Report Card)
  113. Acer Reviews, Ratings, and Pricing
  114. LITE-ON & HP External Ultra Slim DVD/CD Writers Video Review.
  115. Solid State Drives.
  116. An Inside Look at Hard Drives.
  117. Printer Memory Upgrades
  118. MotherBoard Memory Upgrades
  119. Memory Upgrade for Dell Latitude E6430s Laptop.
  120. Memory Upgrades for Dell Laptop and Desktop.
  121. Toshiba Laptop Memory Upgrade.
  122. Laptop Memory Upgrades
  123. Laptop Memory Upgrade - Memory for Laptop Notebooks.
  124. Laptops with the Longest Battery Life
  125. Laptop Power Problems
  126. Dell Latitude Laptop Memory Upgrade.
  127. Computers Reach One Billion Mark.
  128. Computer Generated Art (images)
  129. Computer Memory Upgrades
  130. Computer Memory and Laptop Memory RAM Upgrades.
  131. Computer Virus Warns of FBI Arrest, Demands Ransom.
  132. Computer Hacking Arrests: 'Jonathan Rees and Alex Marunchak' Bailed.
  133. Computers & Laptops | CNN
  134. Choose a Monitor.
  135. Optical vs Laser Mouse: Which is the Best Mouse for Gaming?
  136. Optical Mice vs. Laser Mice
  137. Optical vs. Laser Mouse | Digital Trends
  138. Optical vs Laser Mouse: Which Is Best for You?
  139. Optical vs Laser Mouse: Which Is Best for Gaming?
  140. Optical vs Laser Mice: Which Is Better for Gaming?
  141. Optical vs Laser vs Wireless Mouse, Which Is Best?
  142. Optical vs Laser Gaming Mouse, Which One Should You Buy?
  143. Difference Between Optical and Laser Mouse
  144. Clearing Up Misconceptions About Laser and Optical Mice
  145. 'Scareware' Trickster Fined $163m by US Authorities.
  146. Kindle Fire a Worthwhile Bargain.
  147. Understanding Lithium-Ion and Smart Battery Technology
  148. IBM's Jeopardy Supercomputer Beats Humans. - 2
  149. Amazon Kindle vs. Barnes & Noble Nook: An E-Reader Face-Off.
  150. MIT Media Lab & $100 Laptop - One Laptop Per Child.
  151. The iPad’s Closed System: Sometimes I Hate Being Right.
  152. Interesting Information About Computers, RAM, ROM ...
  153. Interesting, Unknown and Amazing Computer Facts
  154. Outstandingly Interesting Facts About Computers
  155. Africa and the First Computers: Left Behind? No!
  156. Troubleshooting Power Issues with Your Laptop
  157. 3 Different Ways to Charge a Laptop Without a Charger
  158. 3 Different Ways to Free Format SSD with No Harm to SSD
  159. 3 Ways to Make Your Computer Run Faster
  160. 3 Ways to Add an Extra Hard Drive
  161. 3 Ways to Choose a Computer Monitor
  162. 5 Fastest Supercomputers in the World
  163. 5 Facts About Americans and Video Games
  164. 5 Things Steve Jobs Said Apple Would Never Do - and Apple Is Doing!
  165. 6 Ways to Improve Battery Life on Windows Laptops.
  166. 6 Ways to Reset Forgotten Windows 10 Password.
  167. 7 Ways to Get Better Battery Life from Your Windows 10 PC
  168. 7 Ways to Save Money When Buying a Computer.
  169. 7 Important Things to Consider When Buying a Used Computer
  170. 7 Important Trends in Laptop Design.
  171. 7 Funny and Cool Computer Tips and Tricks.
  172. 7 Most Powerful Supercomputers in the World.
  173. 7 Best Computer Monitors.
  174. 8 Best Desktop Replacement Laptops
  175. 8 Best Desktop PCs
  176. 8 Best Places to Buy a Laptop
  177. 8 Best U.S. Websites to Buy Laptops Online
  178. 8 Most Powerful Computers in the World
  179. 9 Key Things to Know Before You Buy a New Computer
  180. 10 Easy Ways to Speed up Windows 10
  181. 10 Best PC Games to Play
  182. 10 Things You Didn't Know Your Computer Can Do.
  183. 10 Top Things to Consider When Buying a New Laptop
  184. 10 Top Hardware Companies in the World.
  185. 10 Top Supercomputers - New Scientific Giants
  186. 10 Top Supercomputers in the World
  187. 10 Most Expensive Computer Mouse in the World
  188. 10 Interesting Video Game Industry Statistics, Trends.
  189. 10 Fastest Supercomputers in the World
  190. 10 Remarkable Technological Inventions Were Made by Africans
  191. 10 Fastest & Most Powerful Laptops
  192. 10 Examples of Beautiful Computer Generated Art
  193. 10 of the Biggest Differences between PC and Mac
  194. 10 of the World's Fastest Supercomputers
  195. 11 Computer Tricks
  196. 11 Printer Facts
  197. 12 Easy Ways to Maximize Battery Life on Windows 10
  198. 12 Best Games on PC
  199. 12 Major Differences Between Windows 11 and Windows 10
  200. 13 Most Useful Windows 10 Tips and Tricks.
  201. 13 Things that Went Obsolete.
  202. 13 Non-Technical Ways to Make Your Computer Run Faster.
  203. 13 Ways to Speed Up Your PC.
  204. 14 Ways to Speed up Windows 10
  205. 14 Tools to Turn Game-Obsessed Kids into Genuine Game.
  206. 14 Best Computer Tricks.
  207. 14 Useful Computer Tricks.
  208. 15 Surprising Benefits of Playing Video Games.
  209. 20 Interesting Facts About Computers
  210. 21 Fastest Supercomputers in the World
  211. 22 Fascinating Facts About Video Games
  212. 25 Best PC Games
  213. 50 Educational Video Games That Homeschoolers Love
  214. 50 Most Interesting & Funny Facts About Computer
  215. 55 Legit Computer Facts
  216. 80s Computer Brands: Famous, Forgotten, or Notorious
  217. 500 Most Powerful Non-Distributed Computer Systems in the World
  218. Most Popular Computer Hardware and Software Companies: Acer - Apple - Dell - HP - Gateway - IBM - Lenovo - Microsoft - Oracle - Sony - Toshiba

Save Time With Quick Computer Shortcuts
 Source: Microsoft.com

Driving Around Your Laptop/Desktop

How To ... Guide
  • Use voice typing to talk instead of type on your PC.
    		•  For Windows 11 and Windows 10
  • Change captions appeared on your Windows PC.
    		•  (Windows 11) - Captions let you read the words spoken in the audio portion of a video, TV show, or movie. To define how the captions appear in Windows and some Windows apps, you can select one of the predefined caption options or customize an option to better suit your needs.
    1. Select (Start) > Settings > Accessibility > Captions.
    2. In Caption style, expand the menu, select one of the predefined options, and see how it appears in the preview.
    3. To customize the selected predefined option, select Edit and then modify the option details to your liking.
  • Make it easier to focus on tasks with Focus Assist.
    		•  For Windows 11 and Windows 10.
  • Have text read aloud with Narrator.
    		•  For Windows 11 and Windows 10.
  • Make your laptop/desktop screen easier to see with color filters.
    		•  for
  • Windows 11
  • Windows 10 - To use a color filter:
    1. Select Start > Settings > Ease of Access > Color filters.
    2. Switch on the toggle under Turn on color filters.
    3. Then, select a color filter from the menu. Try each filter to see which one suits you best.

    Note: To get to color filter settings in previous versions of Windows 10, select Start > Settings > Ease of Access > Color & high contrast.
  • Make your Windows PC easier to hear.
  • Windows 11:
    1. Hear all sounds in one channel
      - Windows lets you convert stereo sound into a single channel so you can hear everything, even if you're using just one headphone. Select the Start button, then select Settings > Accessibility > Audio, and then switch on the Mono audio toggle.
    2. Display audio alerts visually
      - If you have trouble hearing audio alerts, you can have your PC display them visually. Select the Start button, then select Settings > Accessibility > Audio .
    3. Under Flash my screen during audio notifications, choose how you want audio alerts displayed. You can choose to have the title bar of the active window, the active window, or the entire screen flash when a notification arrives, instead of relying on sound alone.
    4. Make notifications stick around longer
      - By default, Windows notifications disappear five seconds after they appear. If you want more time to read them, you can increase how long they're displayed.
    5. Select the Start button, then select Settings > Accessibility > Visual effects. Then, under Dismiss notifications after this amount of time, choose the amount of time you want.
    6. Captions
      - Windows lets you customize things like the color, size, and background of closed captions. Select the Start button, then select Settings > Accessibility > Captions . Then, under Caption style, choose how you want captions to be displayed.
  • Windows 10:
    1. Hear all sounds in one channel
      - Windows lets you convert stereo sound into a single channel so you can hear everything, even if you're using just one headphone. Select the Start button, then select Settings > Ease of Access > Audio, and then switch on the toggle under Turn on mono audio.
    2. Display audio alerts visually
      - If you have trouble hearing audio alerts, you can have your PC display them visually. Select the Start button, then select Settings > Ease of Access > Audio .
    3. Under Show audio alerts visually, choose how you want audio alerts displayed. You can choose to have the title bar of the active window, the active window, or the entire screen flash when a notification arrives, instead of relying on sound alone.
    4. Make notifications stick around longer
      - By default, Windows notifications disappear five seconds after they appear. If you want more time to read them, you can increase how long they're displayed.
    5. Select the Start button, then select Settings > Ease of Access > Display. Then, under Show notifications for, choose the amount of time you want.
    6. Closed captions
      - Windows lets you customize things like the color, size, and background of closed captions. Select the Start button, then select Settings > Ease of Access > Closed captions, and then choose how you want captions to be displayed.
  • Add an email account to Outlook.
    		•
      1. Select File > Add Account. (If you don't see a File tab, perhaps you are using New Outlook for Windows)
      2. For Outlook for Microsoft 365 and Outlook 2016, 2019, or 2021, enter your email address and click Connect; For Outlook 2013 and Outlook 2010, enter your name, email address, and password, and click Next.
      3. If prompted, enter your password again, then select OK > Finish to start using your email account in Outlook. Pick the desired account and select the destination folder.
  • Use advanced setup to add a POP or IMAP email account in Outlook for Windows.
    		•
      1. Open Outlook and select File > Add Account.
      2. On the next screen, enter your email address, select Advanced options, then check the box for Let me set up my account manually and select Connect.
      3. Select your account type. Most of the time when you need to use this option, you'll select IMAP.
      4. The Account settings screen should be pre-populated with most of the account settings you need. However, if you need to look up your settings, see the POP and IMAP account settings topic. Enter your incoming and outgoing server settings and then select Next.
      5. Enter your password and then select Connect.
  • Use advanced setup to add a third-party MAPI email account to Outlook for Windows.
    		•  (If you are using a third-party MAPI provider, download and configure the MAPI email provider application as suggested by provider company.)
      1. Open Outlook and select File > Add Account.
      2. On the next screen, enter your email address, select Advanced options, then check the box for Let me set up my account manually and select Connect.
      3. On the Advanced Setup screen, select Other.
      4. On the Other screen, choose the type of server to connect to from the list. Note: The Other option and your account type listed under it will only appear if you’ve properly installed and configured the MAPI provider. 5. Click Connect.
      6. The third-party MAPI provider application installed on your machine should launch.
      7. Finalize the account setup by following the MAPI provider's instructions.
  • Move multiple emails from Inbox to a specific folder.
    		•  To select a large number of messages: Select the first message, then hold down 'Shift' and select the last message. This 'selects' all messages between the first and the last one. (Note: If Outlook won’t accept your password and you know you’re using the password for your email account, you might have an email account that requires additional security. Gmail, Yahoo, iCloud, Outlook.com, and AOL accounts all use two-factor authentication to help verify that you’re the person trying to access your email account.
  • Select a file/folder/icon
    		• Type the first letter of the file. If you have several files starting with the same letter, continue hitting the letter key until your cursor lands on the file or folder you want.
  • Search for a file/folder
    		• F3
  • Rename a file/folder
    		• Select the file/folder, click F2, and then re-type the name
  • Find out when the file or folder was created, by whom, and how big it is
    		• Select the file, right-click, and then click Properties
  • Display the Start menu
    		• Ctrl + Esc
  • Create a shortcut on your desktop to your favorite file/folder
    		• Drag the file/folder icon to your desktop
  • Scroll between open items
    		•  Alt + Tab, then hold down Alt while clicking Tab to reach the desired file or program
  • Open Snipping Tool and take a screenshot in Windows 10
    		•
      1. To open Snipping Tool, select the Start Windows button, type Snipping tool, and then select it in the search results. (There's no keyboard shortcut available.)
      2. To take a screenshot, select New, and then select the part of the screen that you want to capture.
      3. Choose from free-form, rectangular, window, or full-screen snips by selecting the arrow on the New button.
      4. Use the built-in pens to draw on it to create the snip, save it, copy it, or email it to someone.
  • Take Screenshots in Windows 10
      • (1) Press the PrtScn button to copy the screen to the clipboard.
      (2) Press the Windows+PrtScn buttons on your keyboard to save the screen to a file in the "Pictures" folder.
      (3) Use the Game Bar in Windows 10.
      (4) Use the built-in Snipping tool.
  • Select many emails at the same time in Outlook
      • (1) Holding the Ctrl key, and then selecting multiple nonadjacent emails with clicking them one by one.
      (2) Holding the Shift key, and then selecting multiple adjacent emails with clicking the first one email and the last one email.
      (3) Selecting any one of emails in the email list, and then pressing the keys Ctrl + A together to select all emails in the email folder.
      (4) Selecting the first email in the email list, and then pressing the keys Ctrl + Shift + End together to select all emails.
  • Disk cleanup in Windows 11 and Windows 10
    		•
      (1) In the search box on the taskbar, type disk cleanup, and select Disk Cleanup from the list of results.
      (2) Select the drive you want to clean up, and then select OK.
      (3) Under Files to delete, select the file types to get rid of. To get a description of the file type, select it.
      (4) Select OK.

    Working with Word

    To... Use this shortcut
  • Select text
    		•  Shift + Right Arrow, Left Arrow, Up Arrow, or Down Arrow to highlight text
  • Copy selected text
    		•  Ctrl + C
  • Cut selected text
    		•  Ctrl + X
  • Paste selected text
    		•  Ctrl + V
  • Undo your last action
    		•  Ctrl + Z
  • Select all the text within your document
    		•  Ctrl + A
  • Bold text
    		•  Ctrl + B
  • Italicize text
    		•  Ctrl + I
  • Underline
    		•  Ctrl + U
  • Decrease font size
    		•  Ctrl + Shift + <
  • Increase font size
    		•  Ctrl + Shift + >
  • Change font
    		•  Ctrl + Shift + F, then use the arrow keys to reach the new font
  • Change font size
    		•  Ctrl + Shift + P, then use the arrow keys to reach the new font size
  • Create page break
    		•  Ctrl + Enter
  • Create new document
    		•  Ctrl + N
  • Open My Documents window
    		•  Ctrl + O
  • Close a document
    		•  Ctrl + W
  • Save a document
    		•  Ctrl + S
  • Print a document
    		•  Ctrl + P
  • Preview what you're about to print
    		•  Alt + Ctrl + I
  • Convert a Microsoft Word document (.doc/.docx) to an Adobe Acrobat PDF (.pdf) document
    		•  Online Converter (free)

    Accelerating Excel

    To... Use this shortcut
  • Move right to left, cell by cell
    		•  Tab
  • Move up and down, cell by cell
    		•  Enter
  • Erase data in current cell
    		•  Backspace
  • Return to the beginning of the row
    		•  Home
  • Enter the date
    		•  Ctrl + ; (semicolon)
  • Enter the time
    		•  Ctrl + Shift + : (colon)
  • Start a formula
    		•  = (equal sign)
  • Check the spelling of titles or words within the cells
    		•  F7
  • Find out about the style within the cell
    		•  ALT + ' (apostrophe)
  • Display the Format Cells dialog box
    		•  Ctrl + 1
  • Apply the general number format
    		•  Ctrl + Shift + ~
  • Turn numbers into dollars
    		•  Ctrl + Shift + $
  • Make numbers a percentage
    		•  Ctrl + Shift + %
  • Apply a border
    		•  Ctrl + Shift + &

    Expediting Internet Explorer

    To... Use this shortcut
  • Add sites to your Favorites
    		•
    • Go to the site.
    • Hit Ctrl + D to add to your Favorites.
    • Select Favorites and then Add to Favorites to create a separate folder for the site or to add it to a list already formed.
  • Select a home page
    		•
    • Go to the Web page that you would like to make your home page.
    • Open the Tools menu and select Internet Options.
    • Under Home page, click Use Current.
  • Use the History function if you visit a few select sites constantly
    		•
    • Select the History button on your top navigation (a green arrow on a clock face).
    • Select the site that you would like and double-click.
    • If the History button is not visible, go to the View menu, select Explorer Bar, and then click History to access.
  • Customize your toolbar to the tools you use most frequently
    		•
    • Right-click your top navigation.
    • Select the icons that you use or go to the View menu, select Toolbars, and then click Customize.




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